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pathotest2continued
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| myalgia is... | muscle pain |
| chronic myalgia caused by... | cholesterol lowering drugs (statins), fibromyalgia, and immune-mediated disorders |
| acute myalgia caused by... | muscle breakdown Rhabdomyolysis- release of myoglobin into blood that can damage kidneys |
| transient myalgia caused by... | overuse, injury, viral, strain |
| lupus is an autoimmune disorder involving a ___________ hypersensitivity reaction | type III, inflammation of connective tissue |
| signs of lupus | arthritis, fever, fatigue, organ failure, alopecia, BUTTERFLY RASH |
| rheumatoid arthritis | chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that attacks joints, ligaments and tendons leading to pannus formation |
| rheumatoid arthritis treated with... | NSAIDS and steroids |
| rheumatoid vs. osteoarthritis | osteoarthritis is MECHANICAL wear of joints and NOT an autoimmune disease- it is often treated with glucosamine and chondroitin |
| osteoporosis/ osteopenia pathology involves... | demineralization of bones, brittle bones- risk factors include family hx, diet, smoking, decreased estrogen, sedentary lifestyle, long term corticosteroids |
| 3 drugs for treatment of osteoporosis | bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and teriparatide/ Forteo which acts on parathyroid to inhibit osteoclast action of bone breakdown |
| a fracture that opens the skin is _________, while one that stays inside of skin is _________ | compound (increased risk for infection), simple |
| avulsion fracture | pieces of bone pulled apart by tendons (as in knee cap fracture) |
| fracture healing is considered delayed union if longer than... | 3 months |
| malunion of fracture means that... | healing was misaligned |
| osteomyelitis is... | infection of bone, and is difficult to treat- debridement or implants/grafts may be needed |
| a fat embolism results from fat droplets being released by... | long bones (tibia, femur) and lodging in vascular bed of lungs, leading to pulmonary embolism |
| compartment syndrome is | crushed bone and muscle that occludes arteries- also caused by tight dressings or a cast |
| the spinothalamic sensory nerve tract, which carries poorly localized sensation such as pain and itch, is _____lateral, and crosses ________ | contra/anterolateral, crosses immediately at cord (this is relevant for partial nerve injuries) |
| the lemniscal sensory nerve tract, which carries highly localized sensation such as fine touch and pressure, is ________, and crosses at the ____________ | ipsilateral, crosses at pyramids of medulla (this is relevant for partial nerve injuries) |
| most motor neurons cross at... | the medulla |
| motor neuron that actually synapses onto muscle fiber is called... | an alpha-neuron |
| signs of upper motor neuron injury | positive Babinski, spasticity, hyper-reflexes |
| signs of lower (terminal) motor neuron injury | flaccidity, under or no reflexes |
| 3 mechanisms of primary spinal cord injury | hyperextension, hyperflexion, compression |
| complete spinal cord injury results in __________ of function below level, while incomplete spinal cord injury often results in ___________ of function below that level | total loss of function, unilateral loss of function (one side dependent on where nerve crosses cord) |
| spinal shock lasts... | usually 7-10 days until reflexes and functions begin to return, but deficits remain |
| neurogenic/ vasogenic shock is unique to | injuries of T6 level and higher |
| neurogenic/ vasogenic shock leads to... | loss of sympathetic outflow, PSNS takes over and lowers BP (vasodilation) and HR |
| autonomic dysreflexia occurs... | mainly in injuries of T6 and above and is stimulus induced |
| signs of autonomic dysreflexia | reflex activation of sympathetic neurons- profound hypertension and headache, along with two different skin qualities (one warm and flushed, one cool and pale) at line of injury |
| multiple sclerosis pathology | autoimmune, sclerotic plaques and demyelination of neurons disrupting signal conduction |
| multiple sclerosis etiology | possible virus with genetic predisposition |
| signs of MS | highly variable and relapsing remitting- fatigue, visual disturbances, weakness, spasticity, mood swings, cognitive impairment, bowel and bladder dysfunction |
| peripheral neuropathy signs | sensory, autonomic and motor- tingling, numbness, pain, hypotension, sporadic sweating, flaccid weakness, paralysis COMMON consequence of diabetes |
| pathology of myasthenia gravis | autoimmune, insidious onset, blocked activity of ACh receptors |
| signs of myasthenia gravis | progressive weakness and fatigue of muscles, dysphagia and decreased respiratory function |
| myasthenia gravis treated mainly with... | anti cholinesterase drugs- prevent ACh breakdown by enzyme |
| Myasthenic crisis (of myasthenia gravis) caused by __________ treatment drug, cholinergic crisis caused by _________ treatment drug | too little drug, too much drug |
| functions of endocrine system | stress response, growth and development, fluid and electrolyte balance, sexual development |
| endocrine feedback loops are... | NEGATIVE feedback |
| pituitary gland regulation managed by which structure of the brain? | hypothalamus |
| endocrine function exerted via ligans from cells of one tissue to blood to... | cells of another tissue |
| main hormones of anterior pituitary | GH, TSH and ACTH (also Prolactin, Lutenizing and folicular stimulating) |
| main hormones of posterior pituitary | ADH, oxytocin |
| T3 and T4 from thyroid triggered by and feedback for... | TSH |
| cortisol release triggered and feedback for... | ACTH |
| serum osmality triggered by and feedback for... | ADH |
| growth factors triggered by and feedback for... | GH |
| aldosterone levels decreased by... | fluid retention and vasoconstriction, increased BP and decreased renal perfusion |
| PTH levels decreased by... | increased serum calcium |
| insulin levels decreased by... | decreased serum glucose |
| primary endocrine disorders caused by... | a target gland dysfunction |
| secondary endocrine disorders caused by... | pituitary/ source dysfunction |
| most common cell type tumor in hyperpituitarism | prolactin (60%), followed by GH (20%) |
| hypopituitarism results from... | nonsecreting tumor or absent pituitary gland |
| hyperprolactinemia (increased prolactin levels) cause and effect | caused by decrease in dopamine (DA usually inhibits PRL secretion), leads to suppressed gonadotropins/ infertility |
| GH has __________ effects | very widespread- liver, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, organs, bone, cartilage |
| excess GH from pituitary tumor leads to... | giantism in children, acromegaly in adults |
| deficient GH from tumor or growth factor defects leads to... | congenital dwarfism in children, decreased bone and muscle mass in adults |
| adenoma is a... | benign glandular tumor |
| acromegaly evidenced by... | hyperglycemia/ insulin resistance, increased lean body mass (bone, muscle), organ enlargement |
| GH excess treatments | radiation, surgery |
| GH deficiency treatments | GH replacement therapy- children only |
| more important thyroid hormone for feedback to hypothalamus | T3 (T4 is converted in tissues) |
| specifically, _________ cells of the thyroid release T3 and T4 hormones | follicular |
| TSH release is typically increased by... | low T3 and T4, cold temperatures, stress |
| what is goiter | enlarged thyroid gland |
| iodine deficiency can lead to... | hypothyroidism |
| hypothyroidism S/S | weight gain, fatigue, amenorrhea (no period), hoarse voice, low HR and BP, periorbital edema, cold intolerance |
| myxedema coma | related to severe hypothyroidism- in response to stress, cold or narcotics- leads to profound hypothermia, hypotension and bradycardia |
| best indicator for primary (secreting gland) hypothyroidism | elevated TSH |
| over-treatment with synthetic T4 can often lead to... | osteoporosis (by decreasing TSH levels) |
| Grave's Disease is one cause of... | hyperthyroid |
| hyperthyroid S/S | weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, increased BP and HR, nervousness, increased appetite, BULGING EYES (exophthalmos) |
| Grave's Disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by... | IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptors on thyroid and cause stimulation |
| RAI- radioactive iodine ablation is used to treat | hyperthyroid by slowly destroying small amounts of thyroid tissue- radioactive precautions apply- often leads to hypothyroid |
| Cushing's disease due to... | hyperactivity of adrenal gland- increased cortisol and aldosterone levels |
| Addison's disease due to... | under-activity of adrenal gland- decreased cortisol and aldosterone levels |
| hormones of adrenal medulla | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| hormones of adrenal cortex | cortisol (zona fasciculata), aldosterone (zona glomerulosa) |
| major actions of cortisol | carb, protein and fat metabolism, protection against stress, enhance sodium and water retention by kidney |
| adrenocortical hypersecretion S/S (Cushing's) | weight gain, easy bruising, central obesity, striae, muscle wasting, increased body hair |
| exogenous steroids increase risk for... | hyperactivity of adrenal gland (Cushing's)- treatment may involve ending those drugs |
| S/S of Addison's (adrenocortical insufficiency) | weight loss, hyper pigmentation, tachycardia, hypotension, weakness, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia |
| Addisonian crisis | unable to produce cortisol to cope with stress of infection, illness, surgery, dehydration etc.- hypotensive shock- treat with hydrocortisone (mimics body's own cortisol) |
| treatment of decreased adrenal activity | hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, and replacement |
| gluco/ mineralocorticoids used to treat inflammation and... | Addison's (lack of adrenal activity)- but these drugs may lead to Cushing's (overactive adrenal gland) |
| ADH deficiency leads to... | diabetes insipidus- excessive water loss, weight loss, thirst, poor skin turgor, confusion |
| drug replacements for ADH | vasoPRESSIN, and desmoPRESSIN |
| excessive ADH secretion leads to... | increased water reabsorption by renal tubule- fluid retention |
| high levels of ADH can cause... | water intoxication, low serum osmolality, water weight gain, confusion, ectopic tumors |
| decreased serum calcium triggers ___________ release | PTH |
| PTH functions | promotes calcium resorption in kidney, bone, and absorption in GI tract |
| increased serum calcium occurs with... | increased PTH secretion |
| increased serum calcium should trigger... | decrease in PTH |
| which adrenal gland hormone antagonizes insulin and raises blood sugar? | cortisol (the main glucocorticoid of adrenal cortex) |
| the main mineralocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex is... | aldosterone |
| some cancer cells can turn on _________ production to stimulate cortisol secretion | ACTH |
| Cushing disease vs. syndrome | syndrome is hypercortisolism, disease is due to tumor on pituitary (disease is secondary) |
| hashimoto's is... | inflammation leading to hypothyroid |
| the philadelphia chromosome is associated with what cancer? | CML |
| hemophilia is related to... | clotting factor 8 and 9 (intrinsic) disfunction |
Created by:
NurseJoel
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