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Digestion AJHS

This is one study stack consisting of all the info i have learnt

NameFunction
Digestion The chemical and mechanical process of breaking up food into soluble pieces.
Mammal Feed their young with milk.
Nutrients Substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
Ingestion The process of consuming food. Eating.
Absorption or tissues through diffusion. e.g. nutrients being absorbed into the bloodstream.
Egestion/Excretion The process of removing waste material.
Mastication Chewing, ripping, piercing, grinding, movement of tongue. Mechanical Digestion
Emulsification (no reaction is taking place) breaking up of large fat globs into smaller pieces to increase surface area for lipase to act in digesting fat to fatty acid and glycerol
Chemical Digestion Enzymatic reactions, HCl.
What helps to digest food in the stomach? HCl - creates a acidic environment. Pepsin - breaks down protein. Churning of the stomach
Enzyme 'ase' e.g. amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase
Denature longer fits in with the particular substrate and a reaction is therefore not sped up.
Polypeptide Short chain of amino acids
Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen eg glucose, starch, sucrose, fructose, cellulose
Proteins Made of amino acids. Broken down by enzyme protease (pepsin/trypsin)
Lipids Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Broken down by enzyme lipase.
Monosaccharide Simple sugar e.g. glucose
Polysaccharide Complex sugar e.g. starch, cellulose
Oesophagus Food tube, dwon which food is squeezed by circular muscles to stomach
Bolus Ball of food
Stomach Elastic bag after mouth. Contains HCl, pepsin, lined with mucous. pH ~2 which enables pepsin to work at it's optimum and kills bacteria
Bile Made in liver, Stored in gall bladder, Emulsifies lipids, Alkaline pH 7.5-8
Bile Duct Bile goes out here. Joins up with pancreas tube. Goes into the duodenum
Gall Bladder Stores bile
Liver Nutrients are transported from the small intestine via the hepatic portal vein here. Then are sorted to where they go or converted to be stored. Makes bile
Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juices which contain: (Pancreatic) amylase, Trypsin, amylase, maltase, lipase
Small Intestine Duodenum, Ileum, jujenium
Assimilation When food molecules become a part of the bodies tissue
Duodenum First part of the small intestine. Emulsification of lipids by bile takes place here. Lipase - lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase - carbohydrates into glucose
Chyme The greenish stuff that leaves the stomach. pH is quite acidic
Colon/ Large Intestine Absorption of water and minerals here. Folded
Villi/Microvilli Small projections that increase surface area in the ileum. Villi are covered in microvilli. Contain capillaries, lymph lacteals
Ileum Middle section of the small intestine. pH 7 - 9. Absorption of nutrients take place here into the bloodstream. Covered in villi and microvilli with Wall is one cell thick
Amylase Converts carbohydrates into glucose, Works best at pH 7 (both pancreatic and salivary)
Lipase Converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, Works best at pH 7, Pancreatic lipase from the pancreas
Cellulase Converts cellulose into glucose
Protease Pepsin Works best at pH 1 -2, Made from cells in gastric pits of the stomach. Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Protease Trypsin Made in pancreas. In pancreatic juices. Works best at pH 7, Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Amino acids Make polypeptides that form protein. Cannot be stored. Excess are deaminated and converted into glucose Ammonia is a by-product of deamination and converted into urea which is removed from the body
Glucose Make up carbohydrates, Stored as glycogen
Fatty acids and Glycerol Make up lipids, Stored as fat
Appendix plant material as primates. A human equivalent of a caecum.
Peristalsis Muscular movement that helps push food along. Occurs in the oesophagus, small and large intestine. Happens all the time even when you are not eating.
Absorbed When soluble substances go through the wall of the small intestine into the blood.
Amylase An enzyme found in saliva that breaks starch down.
Anus The opening at the end of the gut.
Appendix Small tube branching of the intestine.It has no function in humans.
Artery Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Balanced diet Eating a wide variety of foods to give us all the things that we need.
Blood Liquid that flows around the body carrying various substances which are either made by the body or are needed by the body.
Blood vessels Tubes in which blood flows. There are capillaries,veins and arteries.
Capillaries Tiny tubes that carry blood.
Carbohydrate Substances found in food that is used for energy.
Chemical energy Energy stored in chemicals like food.
Circulatory system System containing the heart and blood vessels.
Constipation When the intestines get blocked up.
Contract Something gets smaller.
Diet The food that you eat.
Digestion Process that breaks food into soluble substances in our body
Digestive juices A liquid containing enzymes that break down food.
Digestive system A group of organs that carry out digestion.
Egestion When faeces are pushed out of the anus.
Enzyme A chemical that can break up large molecules.
Faeces waste food materials produced by the intestines.
Fat Substance found in food that is stored to be used for energy in the future. It also helps to keep heat in our bodies.
Feeding Putting food into your mouth. Also called ingestion.
Fibre Substance found in food which cannot be used by the body. It helps to keep our intestines clean.
Gullet Tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. Sometimes called the 'food pipe' but properly known as the oesophagus.
Gut All the organs of the digestive system apart from the mouth.
Heart Organ that pumps blood around the body.
Heart disease Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying blood to the muscles of the heart, so the heart muscles do not receive enough oxygen.
Ingestion Putting food into your mouth.
Insoluble Something that does not dissolve is said to be insoluble.
Kilojoule (KJ) Unit of energy used on food packets. 1000 J in 1 KJ.
Large intestine Organ that takes water out of waste food.
Mineral Properly called a 'mineral salt' and found in food. Needed in small quantities for health. (E.g: Calcium).
Molar Grinding tooth at the back of the mouth.
Nutrients Substances needed in the diet to provide raw materials.
Nutrition information Information label on food packets to tell you what is in the food.
Protein Substance found in food which is used for growth and repair.
Raw materials Substances used to make other substances out of.
Rectum Organ that stores faeces before they are egested.
Respiration Process that uses up oxygen to release energy from food. Carbon Dioxide is produced as a waste gas.
Saliva A digestive juice. It contains an enzyme which breaks down starch into sugar.
Salivary gland Found in the mouth it makes saliva.
Small intestine Organ where most digestion happens. The soluble substances produced by digestion are absorbed into the body here. It is about 6.5M long in adults.
Solvent A liquid that can dissolve other substances.
Starch A type of insoluble carbohydrate found in plants.
Stomach Organ containing strong acid Which mixes food up and digests proteins.
Sugar Type of soluble carbohydrate. Glucose is an example of sugar.
Tissue A group of cells of the same type all doing the same jobs.
Tissue fluid A liquid that leaks out of capillaries carrying dissolved food and oxygen to cells.
Vein Blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart.
Villi Small finger like parts of the small intestine. They increase the surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly. Singular= Villus.
Vitamin Substances found in food that is needed in small quantities for health E.g: vitamin C
Water A compound made of hydrogen and oxygen which the body uses as a solvent.
Removal of metabolic wastes Lungs,Tubes,Structure,Alveolus,Skin-Sweating only,Kidney- Blood supply-nephron-filtration-reabsorbtion-secretion.
Moist Alveoli walls Diffusion and dissolving of O2/CO2 easier and more efficent.
One cell thick alveoli walls thin walls providing short diffusion pathway so gasses can move rapidly across membrane from lungs (air) to capillaries (Blood) and vice versa.
Folded alveoli walls Increases surface area allowing diffusion of larger amounts of gases across the membrane in a set time period.
Capillary network assisting gas exchange in lungs Lots of thin walled capillaries surround alveolus. Short diffusion pathway for rapid diffusion of O2/CO2 gasses, Large amounts of diffusion in set time because of high gas concentration gradient.
Capillary network assisting gas exchange in lungs 2 Large surface area allowing large amounts of diffusion in capillaries, Continuous flow of blood in capillaries- rapid diffusion as concentration gradient is maxamised.
Gaseous exchange Breathing portion Human Lungs contain Approximately 300 million alveoli.
Created by: callum.smyth
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