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Cells 2,Stress Notes
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a universal experience that results in both positive and negative experiences and responds to change | stress |
| internal, external, developmental, and situational | sources of stress (4) |
| physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual | stress effects (5) |
| observed changes that stress produces in the body | stress adaptation |
| GAS- general adaptation syndrome and LAS- local adaptation syndrome | (2) types os stress adaptations |
| alarm stage, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion | stages of GAS and LAS (3) |
| inital reaction to stress | alarm stage |
| shock and countershock are stages of what stage of stress? | alarm |
| adaptation and limit stressor are stages of what? | stage of resistance |
| adaptation failing and by the end the body will either stabilize or die in what stage of stree? | stage of exhaustion |
| result from activation of the sympathetic and the neuroendocrine systems | physiological response to stree |
| S/S of what? pupil dilatation, diaphoresis, > heart rate, cool and clammy skin, > respirations, > urinary output, dry mouth, < peristalsis, > mental alertness, muscle tension, and > blood sugar | s/s of pysiological stress |
| anxiety, fear, anger, depression, unconscious ego defense mechanism--are ___ responses to stress | psychological |
| common reaction to stress that maybe conscious, subconscious, or unconscious; it can be related to the future, the result of a conflict; and maybe vague | anxiety |
| S/S of ___ state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, dread, or helplessness related to an impending or anticipated unidentified threat to self or significant relationship | s/s of anxiety |
| Emotion or feeling of apprehension aroused by impending or perceived danger, pain, or any other threat, maybe a response to a past experience or current threat; objects may or may not be reality based, but they are identifiable and definite | fear |
| Emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity; Can be expressed in a positive manner;A signal to internal psychologic discomfort and a call for assistance to deal with perceived stress | anger |
| common reaction to event that seem overwhelming or negative | depression |
| S/S of ____tiredness, sadness, emptiness, numbness, irritability, inability to concentrate, difficulty making decisions, loss of sexual desire, crying, sleep disturbances, social withdrawal, loss of appetite, weight changes, constipation, headache | s/s of depression |
| Develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and calm internal tension; Precursors to conscious cognitive coping mechanisms that relieve tension | unconscious ego defense mechanism |
| thinking responses that include problem solving, structuring, self-discipline, suppression, and fantase; task oriented reactions | cognitive responses to stress |
| problem solving = | thinking through |
| dealing with problems and situations, or competing with them; can be problem or emotion focused; can be long or short term | coping |
| #, duration, and the intensity of the stressors; past experiences; support systems; personal qualites | influencing factors of coping |
| mild, moderate, severe, panic | levels of anxiety (4) |
| slight state of arousal, enhances perception, productive ablilties, and motivation; encourages the individual to seek information and ask questions | mild anxiety |
| increases arousal state to the point of tension, nervousness, or concern; narrowed perceptual abilities; physiological changes begin occurring | moderate anxiety |
| consumes most of the person's energy; requires intervention; perception is further <; unable to focus on anything execpt one specific detail of the situation | severe anxiety |
| overpowering and frightening; lose control; may have reality distortion; may see > activity | panic anxiety |
| problem focused, emotion focused, long term, short term | coping strategies (4) |
| Exhaustion, susceptibility to health problems, caregiver burden, chronic fatigue, sleeping difficulties, high blood pressure, mental illness, interpersonal problems, work difficulties, < abilites to meet own basic needs | altered coping (10) |
| health problems, changes in feeling regarding safety and security and love, changes in self-esteem, and inability to reach self-actualization | impact of stree on daily life (4) |
| DNA, RNA, mitochondrial DNA | genetic control (3) |
| messenger, transferm ribosomal | types of RNA (3) |
| ____ carry the instructions for making a protein | structural genes |
| ____ control the expression of structural genes | regulator genes |
| structural genes and regulator genes | an operon contains... (2) |
| makes an RNA copy of the structural gene during protein synthesis | RNA polymerase |
| leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during protein synthesis | Messenger RNA |
| brings amino acids to line up witht he messenger RNA condons during protein synthesis | Transfer RNA |
| links the amino acids together into a polypeptide during protein synthesis | Ribosomal RNA |
| nucleotides, chromatin, histones | gene struction (3) |
| phosphoric acid, 5-carbon sugar, 4-nitrogen bases | parts of Nucleotides (3) |
| adenine and guanine | purine bases |
| thymine and cytosine | pyrimidine bases |
| purine bases and pyrimidine bases | (2) types of nitrogen bases |
| 4 bases, codon, stop codons, synonyms | genetic code (4) |
| gene expression, induction, gene repression, epiptasis, structural, regulator | regulation of gene expression (6) |
| begins after fertilization, generalized to specific, three embryonic layers | cell differentiation (3) |
| ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm | (3) embryonic layers of body tissue |
| Covers the body’s outer and inner surfaces and forms glandular tissue;Basement membrane connects it with other tissue; Able to transmit mechanical stresses; prevents movement of fluid, no blood vessels, and regenerates quickly | epithelial layer |
| simple-single layer, stratified and pseudostratifies, glandular | (3) classes of epithelial tissue |
| more than one layer of the epitherlial tissue | stratified and pseudostratifies layers |
| excretes fulid (epithelial tissue) | glandular epithelial tissue |
| exocrine and endocrine | tupes of glandular tissue (2) |
| holocrine, merocrine, and apocrine | (3) types of exocrine, glandular epithelial tissues |
| secretes out (epithelial tissue) | exoncrine |
| secretes in (epithelial tissue) | endocrine |
| most abundant body tissue, binds and supports other tissue and organs; and store excess nutrients | connective/supportive tissue |
| loose and dense | (2) types of connective tissue |
| adipose and reticular | (2) types of loose connective tissue |
| irregular and regular | (2) types of dense connective tissue |
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth | (3) types of muscle |
| single muscle cell = | muscle fiber |
| each muscle fiber contains bundles of ___ | myofibrils |
| subunits of myofibrils | sacrimere |
| responsible for Ca transport | sacroplasmic reticulum |
| excitation, coupling, contraction, relaxation | (4) steps to muscle contractions |
| substitution of a base pair for another, loss or addition of one or more base pairs, rearranging of base pairs | (3) results of gene mutations |
| limited replication of germ cells; results in a single se of 23 chromosomes; occurs once in a cell line | Meiosis |
| duplication of somatic cells; each daughter cell recieves a set of 23 chromosome pairs | Mitosis |
| meiosis and mitosis | (2) types of cell division |
| cytogenetics, cochicine's role, karotype, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterzygous, patterns in inheritance | chromosome structures (8) |
| punnett square and pedigree | Gregor Mendel created ___ and ___ |
| human genome project, genomic maps, linkage studies, dosage studies, recombinant DNA, gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting | (8) types of gene mapping |
| genetic and physical | (2) types of genomic maps |
| replace defective genes and inhibit the harmful genes | (2) main approaches to gene therapy |
| caused by mutation; may affect one ot both members of hte gene pair; 800 disorders; characterized by the patterns of transmission | single-gene disorders |
| transmitted from an affected parent to offspring regardless of gender; 50% of transmission; unaffected do not pass the disorder; delayed onset | autosomal dominant disorder (single-gene disorder) |
| huntington's chorea, marfan's, and neurofibromatosis | autosomal dominant disorder (single-gene disorder) |
| disorder of connectice tissue; mutations in the gene fibrillin- 1; fibrillin-1 plays an important role as the scaffolding for elastic tissue; affects the eyes, skeleton, and caro system; average life 30-40 yrs; TX-none, palliative | Marfan's (autosomal dominant disorder) |
| Neurogenic tumors on the peripheral nerve cells and PNS;Abnormality with protein that regulates cell growth d/t a defect on Chromosome 17 or 22; relatively common; 2 forms: type 1 and type 2 | neurofibromatosis (autosomal domnant disorder) |
| sq lesions, iris nodules, café-au-lait spots (at least 6 at birth), scoliosis, erosive bone defects, and nervous system tumors | Type 1- neurofibromatosis |
| tumors of the acoustic nerve | Type 2- neurofibromatosis |
| rare, both members of gene pair are affected; affects both genders; 1 of 4 will be affected, 2 of 4 will be carriers; on set early; usually caused be a deficient enzyme | autosomal recessive disorder (single-gene disorder) |
| Inborn error in metabolism regarding the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine; S/S: appear normal at birth, many blue eyes & fair hair, skin than other fam members; untx may lead to N/V, eczema, irritability, mousy odor to urine, increased DTR; may MR | PKU (phenylketonuria) (autosomal recessive disorder) (single-gene disorder) |
| DX- serum phenylalanin at 3 days old; TX- diet early:High protein foods, such as: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cheese, milk, dried beans, & peas are avoided and Measured amounts of cereals, starches, fruits, vegetables, & a milk sub are usually recommended | PKU (phenylketonuria) (autosomal recessive disorder) |
| lysosomal storage disorder; ganglioside GM2 (fatty substance) build up in tissues & nerve cells in brain; condition is caused by insufficient activity of enzyme, beta-hexosaminidase A that catalyzes biodegradation of acidic fatty material, gangliosides | Tay-sachs (autosomal recessive disorder) |
| 80% affected are Jewish decent; appears normal at birth, then infant begins to miss milestones; progresses to seizures, muscular rigidity, and blindness; death usually occurs by 4; no cure; genetic counseling suggested | Tay-sachs (autosomal recessive disorder) |
| almost always X linked; males have 50% chance of getting disorder from mother; females have 50% chance of being carriers; all daughters of affected males WILL be carriers, but none of their sons | X-linked Disorders (single- gene disorder) |
| Chromatin fails to condense during mitosis leading to mutation of FMR1 gene on X chrom; 2nd leading cause of mental retardation; S/S:long face w/large mandible, ears,testicles,& hyperextensible joints, high-arched palate, and mitral valve prolapse | Fragile X syndrome (x-linked syndrome) (single-gene disorder) |
| worsens with each generation | Fragile X syndrome (x-linked disorder) |
| results from a strong influence of an environmental factor; less predictable; extremely common; may be expressed at birth or later | Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders |
| Ex: cleft lip or palate, clubfoot, congenital dislocation of the hips, congenital heart defects, pyloric stenosis, urinary tract malformations, CAD, DM, HTN, cancer, bipolar, and schizophrenia | Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders (examples) |
| affect one organ and siblings are at high risk for having teh same defects | congenital disorders |
| may be related to abnormality in chromosomal # and/or structure that occurs in meiosis; accounts for most of early abortions; more than 60 syndromes; mosaicism; nondisjunction; monosomy | Chromosomal DIsorders |
| risk > with maternal age; caused from nondisjunction during meiosis | Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) |
| S/S: small square head, upward slant of eyes, small low set ears, fat pad on back of neck, open mouth w/ protruding tongue, small hands w/ a single palmer crease, varying degrees of MR, congenital heart defects, >RF leukemia, respiratory complications | S/S of Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) |
| alpha-fetoprotein, human chroionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, 3D ultrasounds | Parental screening for Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) |
| chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, 3D ultrasounds | most reliable way to screen for Down's |
| S/S: gonadal streaks instead of ovaries highly susceptible to cancer, short stature, webbing of neck, widely spaced nipples, coarctation of aorta, pedal edema in newborn, & sparse body hair; no Y chrom (female); not MR; estrogen may be given to treat | Monosomy X (Turner’s Syndrome) (Chromosomal Disorder) |
| one or more extra X chrom w/ Y present; male appearance, often undetected; S/S: sterile, female-like half dev. breast, small testes, tall stature, sparse body hair, high pitched voice, & language impairment; risk > w/ maternal age; treated w/ testosterone | Trisomy X (Klinefelter’s Syndrome) (Chromosomal Disorder) |
| Break in one or more chromosomes with a rearrangement or deletion;May be caused by radiation, exposure to chemicals, extreme changes in cellular environments, and viral infections;Symptoms depend on the genetic material lost | alteration in chromosome structure in chromosomal disorders |
| deletion, inverted, isochromosome formation, ring formation, translocation, genetic fusion or Robertson translocation | types of alteration in chromosome structure (chromosomal disorders) |
| The developing embryo is susceptible to factors shared w/ the mother such as: mother’s hormone levels, health status, nutritional status, & drug use; most fragile during differentiation which is between 15-60 days gestation | disorders due to environmental influences |
| radiation, chemicals and drugs, and infectious agents | (3) Teratogenic agents (disorders d/t Environment) |
| fetal alcohol syndrome, cocaine babies, folic acid deficiencies | results from chemical and drugs (3) |
| toxoplasmosis and herpes | results from infectious agents (2) |
| "new growth" | neoplasia |
| neoplasia, lacks normal controls and regulation, can originate in one organ | alteration in cell growth and replication (3) |
| alteration in cell growth and replication most common organ for men? | prostate- most common organ for alteration in cell growth and replication |
| alteration in cell growth and replication most common organ for women? | breast is the most common organ for alteration in cell growth and replication |
| leading cause of death from alteration in cell growth and replication is most common in which organ? | lung is the organ that is the leading cause of death from alteration in cell growth and replication |
| G1-RNA and protein synthesis along w/ cell growth; S-DNA synthesis occurs; G2- premitotic; M-cell division or mitosis | 4 phases of cell cycle |
| responsible for DNA replication; aligns the duplicated information for each daughter cell; duration depends on the cell type | cell cycle |
| cell divide and reproduce | cell proliferation |
| proliferated cells become different and specialized | cell differentiation |
| parenchymal and stoma/supporting | (2) type of genign and malignant tissues |
| tumor-similar to neoplasm; swelling; | benign and malignant neoplasms |
| slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host, grow by expansion, do not usually cause death | benign neoplasms |
| rapid, spreads quickly, kills, highly undifferentiated; Two categories: solid and hematologic | Malignant neoplasms |
| solid and hematologic | (2) catergories of malignant neoplasms |
| # of cells that are actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle; duration of the cell cycle; # of cells that are being lost as compared w/ the # of new cells being produced | (3) facots that teh rate of tumor growth depends on |
| diving cells: resting cells | growth fraction |
| initial rapid growth until reaching max capacity of the blood supply, then leveling off | Gompertziam Model |
| Initiation, promotion, progression | (3) steps in Carcinogenesis |
| introduction of the agent (step in carcinogenesis) | Initiation (step in carcinogenesis) |
| initiation of uncontrolled growth (step in carcinogenesis) | promotion (step in carcinogenesis) |
| permanent malignant changes (step in carcinogenesis) | progression (step in carcinogenesis) |
| chemical, radiation, oncogenic viruses, immunological defects | types of carcinogens (4) |
| direct and indirect | types of chemical carcinogens (2) |
| (HPV, EBV, HBV)= DNA HtLV-1, HtLV-2 | types of oncogenic viruses of carcinogens (5) |
| elderly and AIDS, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies, macrophages, natural killer cells | types of immunological defects of carcinogens (6) |
| necrosis, non-healing wound, pain, change in nutritional status, change in hormone excretion, paraneoplastic syndrome, change in bowel or bladder habits | clinical features of carcinogens (7) |
| Pap smear, biopsy, tumor markers | diagnosis of carcinogens (3) |
| annually after the age of 18, usually done on the cervix but can be done on other body fluids | pap smear |
| can be done through needle aspiration, endoscopy, laproscopy, or excision | biopsy |
| antigens on teh surface of tumor cells, used for screening, diagnosing, monitoring, treatment, and establishing remission | tumor markers |
| TNM; based on spread of the disease | staging cancer |
| according to histology | grading cancer |
| I, II, III, IV--> as it > the tumor is less differentiated | grading scale of cancer |
| curative, controlling, palliative | (3) goals of cancer treatment |
| surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone and antihormone therapy, biotherapy | (5) types of cancer treatments |
| modification of host response, supression or killing tumor cells, modification of tumor cell biology | (3) action of biotherapy |
| interferon, interleukin, monoclonal antibodies, hematopoieic growth factors | (4) types of biotherapy |
| 2nd leading cause of death in ages 1-14 | childhood diseases |
| usually involves the hematopoietic nervous system, or connective tissue | childhood diseases |
| suppression of any discharge | epistasis |
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