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Honors Biology Final
Study guide for a grade 9 honors biology final.
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Ecology | The study of interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment. |
Biotic Factor | A living component of the environment. |
Abiotic Factor | A nonliving component of the environment, including the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment. |
Acclimation | The adjustment of tolerance to abiotic factors. |
Conformer | An organism that does not regulate its internal conditions. |
Regulator | An organism that uses energy to control some internal conditions. |
Niche | A species' way of life, or the role that it plays in its environment. |
Fundamental Niche | The range of conditions that a species can potentially tolerate as well as the resources it can potentially use. |
Realized Niche | The range of resources that a species actually uses. |
Generalist | A species with broad niches, being able to tolerate a range of conditions and use a variety of resources. |
Specialist | A species that has narrow niches. |
Population Density | How crowded a population is. |
Dispersion | The spatial distribution of individuals within a population. |
Density-Independent Factor | A limiting factor that reduces population size by the same proportion, regardless of the population's size. |
Density-Dependent Factor | A factor that that reduces population size in relation to the population density. |
Predator | An individual who captures, kills, and consumes another individual. |
Prey | An individual who is captured, killed, and consumed. |
Herbivore | An organism that eats plants. |
Secondary Compound | A chemical synthesized by plants that is poisonous, irritating, or bad-tasting. |
Parasitism | A species interaction that resembles predation where one individual is harmed while the other benefits. |
Parasite | The individual who feeds on another individual in parasitism. |
Host | The individual being feeded on in parasitism. |
Ectoparasite | An external parasite that lives on their host but does not enter the host's body. |
Endoparasite | An internal parasite that lives inside of the hosts body. |
Competitive Exclusion | A principle in which one species is eliminated from a community because of competition for the same limited resource. |
Mutualism | A cooperative relationship in which both species derives some benefit. |
Species Richness | The number of species a community contains. |
Species Diversity | The number of species in the community in relation to the abundance of each species. |
Succession | The gradual, sequential regrowth of species in an area. |
Primary Succession | The development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously. |
Secondary Succession | The sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community. |
Chemosynthesis | A bacteria's ability to produce carbohydrates by using energy from inorganic molecules. |
Gross Primary Productivity | The rate at which produces in an ecosystem capture energy. |
Biomass | The organic material in an ecosystem. |
Net Primary Productivity | The rate at which biomass accumulates. |
Consumers | Organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organisms. |
Carnivore | An organism that eats consumers. |
Omnivore | An organism that eats both consumers and producers. |
Detritivore | A consumer that feeds on the wastes of an ecosystem. |
Decomposer | An organism that causes decay by breaking down the complex molecules in dead tissues and wastes into simpler molecules. |
Trophic Level | An organism's position in the sequence of energy transfers. |
Food Chain | A single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem that results in energy transfer. |
Food Web | The interrelated food chains in an ecosystem. |
Nitrogen Cycle | The complex pathway that nitrogen follows within an ecosystem. |
Nitrogen Fixation | The process of converting nitrogen gas to nitrate, |
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria | Organisms that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrite, and then nitrate. |
Ammonofication | The process in which a decomposer breaks down the corpses and wastes of organisms and releases the nitrogen they contain as ammonia. |
Nitrification | A process in which bacteria take up ammonia and oxidize it into nitrites and nitrates. |
Dentrification | A process in which anaerobic bacteria breaks down nitrates and releases nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere. |
Tundra | A cold and largely treeless biome that forms a continuous belt across North America, Europe, and Asia. |
Biome | A very large terrestrial ecosystem that contains a number of smaller by related ecosystems within them. |
Photic Zone | The part of the ocean that receives sunlight. |
Aphotic Zone | The dark depths of the ocean where sunlight cannot penetrate. |
Intertidal Zone | The area in which tides along ocean shores produce a rhythmic rise and fall of the water level. |
Neretic Zone | The part of an ocean that is very shallow. |
Oceanic Zone | The deep water of the open sea. |
Pelagic Zone | The open ocean. |
Benthic Zone | The ocean bottom. |
Plankton | Communities of small organisms that drift with ocean currents. |
Estuary | A occurrence where freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea. |
Eutrophic Lakes | Lakes that are rich in organic matter and vegetation. |
Oligotrophic Lakes | Lakes that contain little organic matter. |
Biosphere | The broadest, most inclusive level of organization. |
Ecosystem | All of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place. |
Community | All of the interacting organisms living in an area. |
Population | All of the members of a species that live in one place at one time. |
Competition | The use of the same limited resource by two or more species. |
Pioneer Species | Small, fast-growing, and fast-reproducing species that predominate early in succession. |
Ground Water | Water in the soil or in underground formations or porous rock. |
Water Cycle | The movement of water between various reservoirs. |
Transpiration | A process in which plants take in water through their roots and take in carbon dioxide through their stomata. |
Carbon Cycle | A process in which carbon is cycled through the biosphere. |
Taiga | A forested biome dominated by evergreen trees. |
Temperate Deciduous Forest | A biome characterized by trees that lose all of their leaves in the fall. |
Temperate Grasslands | A biome that is dominated by grasses. |
Desert | A biome that receives an average of less than 25 centimeters of rainfall per year. |
Savanna | A tropical or subtropical biome with scattered trees and shrubs. |
Tropical Rain Forest | A biome located near the equator characterized by tall trees, heavy rainfall, and lots of sunlight. |