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chapter 2

historic achievements in biotechnology

enivormentthe surroundings or conditions
plant breeding changing the genetics of plants in order to produce desired characteristic.
heredity the passing of physical or mental traits.
law of segregation members of homologous chromosomes separate.
law of independent assortment each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members.
vaccines substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases.
artificial insemination he injection of semen into the vagina or uterus other than by sexual intercourse.
embryo transfer Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.
genetic code the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
vertical gene transfer Reproduction (or procreation) is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents".
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
genetic engineering the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
horizontal gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction.
gene splicing genetic engineering: the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism.
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