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Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| environment | The conditions and circum- stances surrounding an organism |
| gene splicing | The process of removing and/or inserting genetic material in order to change an organism’s trait(s) |
| horizontal gene transfer | A process in which microbes are natural “genetic engineers” transfer- ring genetic material between cells |
| genetic engineering | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material |
| double helix | Description of the two spiral- shaped strands of phosphoric acid and deoxyribose found within the nucleus of cells |
| DNA | A genetic pro- teinlike nucleic acid on plant and animal genes and chromosomes that controls inheritance |
| vertical gene transfer | The transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring |
| genetic code | The transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring |
| embryo transfer | The process of removing an embryo from a superior female and implanting it into an inferior female |
| artificial insemination | The deposition of sper- matozoa in the female genitalia by artificial rather than natural means |
| antibiotic | Germ-killing substances produced by a bacterium or mold |
| vaccine | A substance that contains live, modi- fied, or dead organisms or their products that is injected into an animal in an attempt to protect the host from a disease caused by that particular organism |
| cells | The ultimate functional unit of an organic structure, plant, or animal. It consists of a micro- scopic mass of protoplasm that includes a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. In most plants, it is surrounded by a cell wall |
| law of independent assortment | A principle or law states that factors (genes) for certain char- acteristics are passed from parent to the next gen- eration separate from other alleles that transmit other traits |
| law of segregation | A law, developed by Gregor Mendel in the nineteenth century, that says that the factors responsible for the traits from each par- ent are separated and then combined with factors from the other parent at fertilization |
| heredity | The traits that are passed to an off- spring from the parents |
| yeast | A yellowish substance composed of mi- croscopic, unicellular fungi of the family Saccha- romycetaceae that induces fermentation in juices, worts, doughs, and so forth |
| fermentation | The processing of food by means of yeasts, molds, or bacteria |
| rennin | A coagulant enzyme occurring particu- larly in the gastric juice of calves and also in some plants and lower animals |
| enzyme | A large, complex protein molecule produced by the body that stimulates or speeds up various chemical reactions without being used up itself; an organic catalyst |
| breeding | the mating and production of offspring by animals |
| plant | living organism of the kind exemplified by trees,grasses,mosses, typically growing in a permanent site, absorbing water through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll |
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RJ16
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