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Biology ch 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| •Articular cartilage | hyaline; provides smooth surface |
| •Joint cavity | synovial; encloses articular surfaces |
| •Capsule | •No blood vessels or nerves in articular cartilages; nutrients from nearby blood vessels and synovial fluid •Nerves in capsule help brain know position of joints (proprioception) |
| –Fibrous capsule | dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with fibrous layer of the periosteum. Portions may thicken to form ligaments. |
| –Synovial membrane and fluid | membrane lines inside of joint capsule except at actual articulation of articular cartilages. Thin, delicate. Sometimes separated from fibrous capsule by areolar C.T. and fat, sometimes merged with fibrous |
| •Synovial fluid | complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and cells. Hyaluronic acid- slippery. |
| •Bursae | –Pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint. Found in areas of friction –Bursitis |
| •Ligaments and tendons | stabilization |
| •Articular discs | temperomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular |
| •Menisci | fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee. |
| •Tendon sheaths | synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bone |
| •Arthritis | –Osteoarthritis |
| –Osteoarthritis | wear and tear |
| –Rheumatoid | caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease |
| •Joint infections | Lyme disease (with ticks as vector), suppurative arthritis, tuberculous arthritis |
| •Gout | Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic). Increase in uric acid in blood results in deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and kidneys |
| •Hallux valgus and bunion | Caused by ill-fitting shoes |
| •Joint replacement | Prosthetic joint used to eliminate excruciating pain, usually due to arthritis |
| Muscular System Functions | •Body movement •Maintenance of posture •Respiration •Respiration •Production of body heat •Communication •Constriction of organs and vessels •Heart beat |
| Properties of Muscle | •Contractility •Excitability •Extensibility •Elasticity |
| •Contractility | ability of a muscle to shorten with force |
| •Excitability | capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| •Extensibility | muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree |
| •Elasticity | ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched |
| Muscle Tissue Types | •Skeletal •Smooth •Cardiac |
| •Skeletal | –Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory movements, other types of body movement –Voluntary |
| •Smooth | –Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, skin –In some locations, autorhythmic –Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems |
| –Smooth Muscle functions | propel urine, mix food in digestive tract, dilating/constricting pupils, regulating blood flow |
| •Cardiac | – Heart: major source of movement of blood –Autorhythmic –Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems |
| Skeletal Muscle Structure | •Composed of muscle cells (fibers), connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves •Fibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated |
| Skeletal Muscle Structure | •Tend to be smaller diameter in small muscles and larger in large muscles. 1 mm- 4 cm in length •Develop from myoblasts; numbers remain constant •Striated appearance due to light and dark banding |
| Connective Tissue | •Layers –External lamina –Endomysium –Perimysium –Epimysium |
| –External lamina | Delicate, reticular fibers. Surrounds sarcolemma |
| –Endomysium | Loose C.T. with reticular fibers. |
| –Perimysium | Denser C.T. surrounding a group of muscle fibers. Each group called a fasciculus |
| –Epimysium | C.T. that surrounds a whole muscle (many fascicles) |
Created by:
Wendy Starks
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