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BJU BIO CH 10A
march bio ch 10A key terms
| Key Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| microbiology | the study of microbes |
| microbes | organisms that require a microscope to be seen |
| bacteria | any of the extremely small unicellular prokaryotic organisms found in the kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria |
| decomposer organisms | organisms that break down proteins, starches, lipids and other organic substances; primary decomposers - bacteria and fungi |
| archaebacteria | evolutionary worldview classification of "oldest" bacteria |
| thermoacidophiles | archaebacteria that live in very hot or acidic environments |
| methanogens | archaebacteria that live in anaerobic environments |
| halophiles | archaebacteria that live in very salty conditions |
| eubacteria | "true" bacteria; contains bacteria that people are most familiar with |
| coccus | spherical or oval-shaped bacterium |
| bacillus | rod-shaped bacteria |
| spirillum | spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria |
| prokaryotic | lack membrane-bound organelles |
| Peptiodoglycan | compound found in the cell walls of bacteria; important in bacteria classification due to Gram staining |
| Gram’s stain | special staining technique used to classify bacteria |
| Gram-positive | bacteria that stain purple |
| Gram-negative | bacteria that stain pink |
| Flagella | threadlike structures that aid in movement; found in many spirilla, bacilli, and a few cocci |
| Capsule | external covering of cell wall made of complex polysaccharides; varying thickness; protects cell from adverse environments and attack from other cells |
| Nuclear area | area of bacteria containing a double-standed chromosome of DNA |
| Plasmid | small circular portions of DNA that are separate from the main chromosome |
| Mesosome | an organelle that appears as invaginations of the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells; has enzymes attached to it |
| Bioremediation | the use of living organisms (often bacterial with recombinant DNA) to break down toxic and harmful substances in the environment |
| Chemosynthetic | the process of converting inorganic compounds into usable forms |
| Parasitic | feeding on living hosts |
| Saprophytic | nutrition gained by feeding on dead organic matter |
| Obligate parasite | bacteria that require living tissue in order to grow |
| Endospore | special spores produced by some bacteria that can survive long periods of unfavorable growing conditions; ex: anthrax bacteria |
| Obligate anaerobe | bacteria that grow only in the absence of oxygen |
| Obligate aerobe | |
| Facultative anaerobe | bacteria that can grow as either aerobes or anaerobes |
| Pasteurization | process in which heat or radiation is used to kill bacteria to reduce spoilage of food |
| Conjugation | temporary union of two organisms or cells for one-way transfer of genetic material; type of sexual reproduction |
| Pilus | a conjugation tube used for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria; may also function in attachment to surfaces |
| Transformation | genetic change produced when DNA from one bacterium is taken up through the membrane of another bacterium |
| Transduction | transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a virus (bacteriophage) that attaches to bacteria |
| Cyanobacteria | blue-green algae |
| Filament | thin strands of similar cells |
| Heterocyst | a large colorless cell in the filaments of certain cyanobacteria |
| Rickettsiae | a group of obligate parasites in the kingdom Eubacteria |
| Spirochete | common name for a group of spiral-shaped organisms in Kingdom Eubacteria |
| Mycoplasma | a type of bacteria that lacks a cell wall |
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marchbio
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