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LD Bio Cell Theory
LD Biology Cell Theory - Ch 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| CELL THEORY | Basic units of structure in all living things. Basic unit of function in all living things. Produced from existing cells. |
| EXCEPTION TO CELL THEORY | 1st one could not have arisen from a previous existing one. Viruses are not made up of cells. Do not contain genetic material & can reproduce inside a host cell. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are cell organelles that contain their own genetic material. |
| ORGANIZATION OF LIFE ORDER | Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organisms |
| CELL | The basic unit of structure and function of all living things. |
| ORGANELLES | Structures found inside a cell that performs a specific function |
| TISSUES | A group of specialized cells working together to perform a particular function. |
| ORGANS | A group of tissues working together to perform a particular function. |
| ORGAN SYSTEMS | A group of organs working together performing a body function. |
| ORGANISMS | An individual living thing. |
| PROKARYOTIC CELLS | Cells lacking distinct membrane-bound structures (Monerans, bacteria or blue-green algae) |
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS | Cells containing membrane-bound nuclei. (exist in all living things except bacteria) |
| ZACHARIAS JANSSEN | Built the first simple microscope with 1 set of lenses (1590) |
| ROBERT HOOKE | Discovered cells using a simple microscope. Later developed the compound microscope (1665) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | Dutch naturalist & lens maker built a microscope that magnified 270x. Discovered bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, red blood cells and yeast cells (1670) |
| ROBERT BROWN | Discovered the nuclei (nucleus) - 1831 |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | Concluded that all plants are made up of cells (1838) |
| THEODOR SCHWANN | Concluded all animals are made up of cells (1839). All living things are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLPH VIRCHOW | Observed cells only come from other cells (1858) |
| CELL MEMBRANE | Also known as Plasma Membrane |
| CELL MEMBRANE | Responsible for bringing essential materials into the cell and excreting metabolic waste products. Maintains a constant cell environment (homeostasis). |
| CELL MEMBRANE | Made up of proteins and carbohydrates as well as a phospholipid bilayer. |
| RED BLOOD CELLS | Carry oxygen to animal body cells. Also, pick up carbon dioxide from them for expulsion from the body. |
| MUSCLE CELLS | Move parts of animals |
| NERVE CELLS | Carry impulses throughout animals |
| XYLEM AND PHLOEM CELLS | Transport materials throughout the plants. |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | - Movement of materials through a cell membrane without the expenditure of cell energy (Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, and Bulk Flow). - No energy required - Goes from hight to low concentration |
| DIFFUSION | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (Ex: O2 and CO2 into and out of a cell) |
| OSMOSIS | The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | - Movement of molecules through a cell membrane with the expenditure of cellular energy (Endocytosis, Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Exocytosis) - Energy required - Goes from low to high concentration |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | - A process by which certain molecules diffuse across a cell membrane - Specialized transport proteins specific to substances will speed up the movement across a membrane from (high) to a (low). - Only goes in 1 direction of the concentration gradient |
| PROCESSES USED TO TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE CELLS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS | Passive Transport and Active Transport |
| TRANSPORT | The intake, circulation or distribution of materials throughout an organism. |
| TRANSPORT OCCURS | Within the cell, across membranes, and via circulatory system in complex organisms. |
| SEMI-PERMEABLE/SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE | Certain substances pass through a membrane while other substances do not. |
| SUBSTANCES THAT PASS THROUGH | Small Molecules --> Glucose, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide |
| SUBSTANCES THAT DO NOT PASS THROUGH | Larger Molecules --> Starch and Proteins |
| CONCENTRATION GRADIENT | The difference in concentration between a region of (high) and a region of (low). Usually the cell membrane. |
| EQUILIBRIUM | Molecules become evenly distributed over time (equal or balanced) |
| BULK FLOW | Mass movement of fluids affected by pressure and solutes |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | Transport of glucose from blood into the cells |
| MEMBRANE PUMPS | Specific substances are pumped across the membrane. (Ex: Na+ pumped out and K+ pumped into nerve cells when an action potential occurs). |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | Occurs when solid particles are ingested into a cell ameba with pseudopods. (type of active transport) |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | Transporting of substances inside a cell by vesicles (type of active transport) |
| PINOCYTOSIS | Liquids enter a pocket in the cell membrane, membrane pinches off on the inside forming a vacuole where intracellular digestion takes place. |
| EXOCYTOSIS | Movement of materials out of a cell by vesicles. |
| UNICELLULAR | One-celled organisms |
| MULTI-CELLULAR | Made up of multiple cells. |
| ISOTONIC | - Same solute as cell - At an equilibrium - molecules move in and out at the same rate. |
| HYPOTONIC | - High solute inside the cell thus H20 moves into the cell and lyses (splits) cell |
| HYPERTONIC | - High solute outside the cell thus H20 moves out and shrinks the cell. |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUES | The tissues that cover body surfaces and line body cavities and organs. |
| CONNECTIVE TISSUES | A type of tissue that supports other body tissues and binds tissues and organs together. |
| MUSCLE TISSUE | The tissues consisting of cells that have the capacity to contract and exert a pull. |
| BONE | Type of connective tissue; contains minerals that make it hard; makes up skeleton. |
| BLOOD | Fluid tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| TENDONS | Muscles attached to the bone (type of connective tissue) |
| LIGAMENTS | Tough, Fibrous bands, bone to bone (type of connective tissue) |
| FAT | Organic substance that takes up most of the internal space of fat (adipose) cells. (type of connective tissue) |
| WHITE BLOOD CELLS | Act as the Body's defense system, phagocytosizing bacteria and other harmful organisms and producing substances used in the immune system. |
| PLATELET | Cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Type of blood cell. |
| NERVE TISSUE | Conduction of impulses located in the brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| NERVE CELL | NEURONS |
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