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BJU BIO CH 6
march bio ch 6 key terms
| Key Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chromosomal change | change involving either the number of chromosomes or the arrangement of genes on a chromosome |
| mutation | change in the DNA of an organism |
| genome | a complete haploid set of an organism's chromosomes |
| euploidy | the condition of having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the haploid number |
| polyploid | any cell or organism that has 3 or more genomes |
| aneuploids | altered genomes - lacking chromosomes or have extras |
| nondisjunction | an error caused when a chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis |
| trisomy | the union of a normal gamete with 1 that has an extra chromosome; ex: down syndrome |
| monosomy | the union of a normal gamete with 1 that lacks a chromosome |
| translocation | 2 nonhomologous chromosomes exchange genetic information during meiosis |
| deletion | a segment of the chromosome is totally lost |
| inversion | a segment of a chromosome breaks and reattaches |
| gene mutation | the alteration of an individual gene |
| point mutation | a gene mutation involving only 1 nucleotide |
| mutagen | anything that causes a mutation to occur; ex: chemicals, radiation |
| somatic mutation | a mutation in cells that do not form gametes |
| germ mutation | a mutation in a cel that forms gametes |
| gene expression | activation of a gene that results in its transcription and the production of a specific protein |
| celular differentiation | the specialization of cells; the process where a cell becomes a specific type of cell; ex: skeletal muscle cell or red blood cell |
| cancer | unrestrained cell growth that has escaped the normal controls of the cell cycle |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area |
| gene pool | all of the alleles that all members of a species can possibly possess |
| variations | genotypic differences between individuals from the same gene pool |
| mass selection | selection of desirable breeding stock from the entire population |
| hybridization | crossbreeding of 2 genetically unrelated individuals |
| heterosis | offspring that have superior characteristics to the parents; also called hybrid vigor |
| inbreeding | the mating of an organism with itself or a close relative |
| pure strains | organisms that are homozygous for certain traits |
| allele frequency | the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles occur |
| genetic equilibrium | the condition in which allel frequencies within a population do not change |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | states that the frequency of alleles and the ratio of heterozygous individuals in a population will remain constant unless the population is affected by outside factors |
| eugenics | refers to efforts to improve the human gene pool |
| genetic screening | used to determine an individual's genetic makeup |
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marchbio
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