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Biology Chapter 4

TermDefinition
weather day to day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.
climate average, year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation that results
greenhouse effect the natural situation in which heat is retained in the layer of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere.
polar zones are cold areas where the sun's rays strike the Earth at a very low angle.
temperate zones between the polar zones and the tropics.
tropical zone near the equator and is most directly hit by the sun's rays.
biotic factors the biological or living influences in an ecosystem.
aboitic factors physical or nonliving influences in an ecosystem.
habitat the area in which an organism lives
niche the full range of physical and biotic factors in which an organism lives and how it uses these conditions.
resource any necessity of life.
Competitive Exclusion Principle no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time in the same ecosystem.
predation an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.,
symbiosis any relationship in which two species live closely together.
mutualism both species benefit from this relationship.
commensalism one species benefits and the other is mutual.
Parasitism one species benefits and the other is harmed.
ecological succession a series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time.
primary succession succession that occurs on surfaces where there is no soil.
pioneer species the first species to populate an area.
secondary succession when a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil.
biome a complex of terrestrial communities that cover a large area of is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular species of plants.
tolerance ability to survive and reproduce under certain conditions that differ from optimal conditions
microclimate the climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it.
canopy the tree tops to 50-80 meters from the forest floor in a tropical rain forest.
understory the floor of a rain forest.
deciduous a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year.
coniferous trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have leaves shaped like needles.
humus a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile.
taiga boreal forests, or forests that have evergreen and coniferous trees.
permafrost a layer of permanently frozen subsoil.
plankton a general term for the tiny, free floating, or weakly swimming organisms that live in both fresh and sea water environments
phytoplankton single celled algae.
zooplankton planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton
wetland an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for t least part of the year.
estuaries wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea
detrius made up of tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary's food web.
salt marshes temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by sea grasses underwater.
mangrove swamps coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions
photic zone a layer underwater where photosynthesis is limited to.
aphotic zone a permanently dark zone underwater where photosynthesis cannot occur.
zonation the prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat.
coastal ocean extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf.
kelp forests forest named for the dominant organism, kelp.
coral reefs named for the coral animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure.
benthos organisms that live or are attached to the bottom of the ocean.
Created by: meg_strayer
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