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NURS 453
Pulmonary and Acid Base Pathophysiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| respiration is | the cellular process that uses oxygen to make ATP |
| respiration rate in this class is equal to | ventilation rate |
| the ventilation rate is | the number of times gas is exchanged in a minute |
| ventilation is | the movement of air in and out of the lungs |
| breathing allows | absorption of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide |
| tissue respiration is | gas exchange between blood and tissues |
| the five stages of pulmonary system development | embryotic phase, pseudogladnular phase, canalicular phase, terminal sac phase, alveolar phase |
| the embryonic phase occurs from | 3-7 weeks |
| the pseudogladular phase occurs from | 7-16 weeks |
| the canalicular phase occurs from | 16-24 weeks |
| the terminal sac phase occurs from | 24-36 weeks |
| the alveolar phase occurs from | 36 weeks to term/adult usually until 3 years |
| The diaphram is formed during the | pseudoglandular phase around the 8th-10th week |
| During the embryonic phase | the trachea divides into right and left |
| During the pseurogladular phase | there is continued differentiation of bronchi and 25,000 terminal bronchioles start splitting into 23 parts, diaphram is formed and distal airways start to be formed in the later weeks |
| During the canalicular phase | maturation of the pulmonary alveoli begins, pulmonary surfactant starts to be produced, blood flow begins |
| Terminal sac phase | start to get grape like structures |
| Alveolar phase | start to mature and and develop and differentiation of more mature alveoli takes place up to three years of life. |
| The pulmonary system develops in this direction | caudaly |
| Pulmonary Surfactant is produced by | Type II pneumocyte cells |
| Alveoli are made of | Type I pneumocyte cells |
| The pulmonary system develops from this | the primitive foregut endoderm |
| Gas exchange occurs in this | the pulmonary acinus |
| The pulmonary acinus is made up of these four items | bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli |
| The pulmonary acinus allows this | Oxygen to enter circulation and the carbon dioxide is diffused from circulation |
| Pulmonary Circulation does these four things | facilitates gas exchange, delivers nutrients to lung tissues, acts as a reservoir for the LV, serves as a filter |
| The bronchial arteries do this | provide a small amount of oxygenated blood to lung tissues |
| the pulmonary arteries do this | provide deoxygenated blood |
| compared to systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation | has lower pressures and lower amounts of resistance compared to systemic circulation |
| this many vessels are profused at a time | one third |
| the pulmonary artery is exposed to this much pressure | 1/5 the pressure in comparison to systemic vessels |
| the pulmonary artery has this amount of walls | thinner walls compared to others in circulation |
| When the right ventricles output increases | more blood is delivered to the lungs and become oxygenated |
| when excess fluid volume occurs or LV dysfunction occurs | there is an increase in hydrostatic pressure which can allow for storage in the pulmonary vessels |
| if there is no room for storage in pulmonary vessels the fluid builds up in | the interstitial spaces |
| The primary function of the pulmonary system is to | exchange gases from environmental air to the blood stream |
| The exchange of gases from the environmental air to the bloodstream is done by | ventilation, diffusion and perfusion |
| diffusion is | the movement of gases between air spaces in lungs and blood stream |
| Perfusion is driven by | cardiac output and is a primary role of the cardiovascular system. |
| breathing is | inspiration and exhalation |
| 4 brain centers control breathing | brain stem, cerebral cortex, chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors |
| the chemoreceptors are located in | the peripheral arteries |
| mechanoreceptors can sense | breathing patterns |
| the medullary respiratory center consists of | the inspiratory center and the expiratory center |
| the inspiratory center is also known as the | dorsal respiratory group |
| the inspiratory center or dorsal respiratory group controls | basic rhythm of breathing |
| the inspiratory center receives input from | cranial nerves 9 and 10 and the chemoreceptors |
| the inspiratory center sends output to | the diaphram |
| the expiratory center is also known as | the ventral respiratory group |
| the expiratory center is activated during this | physical activity |
| normal expiration is a | passive process |
| the regular normal breathing center is the | inspiratory or dorsal group |
| The dorsal respiratory center receives afferent impulses from | peripheral chemo receptors that are located in the carotid and aortic bodies |
| chemoreceptors can detect the | CO and Oxygen levels |
| cranial nerves 9 and 10 are | Glossopharangeal and vagus nerve |
| the pneumotaxic center is located in the | upper pons |
| the function of the pneumotaxic center is that it | turns off inspiration and limits bursts of action potentials in phrenic nerve |
| the pneumotaxic center does this to tidal volume and this to the respiratory rate | limits tidal volume and increases respiratory rate |
| the pneumotaxic center antaganizes this center | the apeneustic center |
| the apeneustic center is located in | the lower pons |
| stimulation of apeneustic center excites the | inspiratory center in the medulla |
| apeneustic center controls the intensity of breathing by | prolonging action potentials of the phrenic nerve and prolonging the contraction of the diaphram |
| apneusis is | an abnormal breathing pattern with prolonged inspiratory gasps and a brief expiratory movement |
| apnic individuals are those who have one of the following | severe neurological damage, decerebrate posture, fixed or dialated pupils, coma, profound stupor, quadraparesis, absent corneal reflex, dolls eye, negative oculocephalic reflex |
| apnic individuals are those who have one of the following | severe neurological damage, decerebrate posture, fixed or dialated pupils, coma, profound stupor, quadraparesis, absent corneal reflex, dolls eye, negative oculocephalic reflex |
| the cerebral cortex temporarily overrides | automatic brain stem centers |
| automatic brain stem centers include | limbic system and hypothalamus |
| the automatic brain stem centers help to regulate | memory |
| hypothalamus regulates this part of memory | psychosomatic and emotions associated with anxiety |
| hyperventilation | increases the volume and frequency of breath |
| people who are hyperventilating are | hypocapnic with low PaCO2 |
| low PaCO2 correlates with | respiratory alkalosis |
| chemoreceptors are located three places | centrally, medulliarily and peripherally |
| central chemoreceptors are responsible for | minute to minute control of breathing |
| central chemoreceptors are sensitive to | changes in pH of the CSF |
| low pH is indicative of | hyperventilation |
| high pH is indicative of | hypoventilation |
| high PaCO2 is related to this pH | low |
| peripheral chemoreceptors are located in | aortic bodies in the aortic arch |
Created by:
jonquil
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