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BJU BIO CH 4
march bio ch 4 key terms
| Key Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| autotroph | organisms that make their own food; plants, algae |
| heterotroph | depend on autotrophs for food supply; includes animals, most bacteria, and fungi |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a molecule made up of a simple sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphates; represents stored energy |
| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | the same molecule as ATP with only 2 phosphates; represents released energy |
| photosynthesis | the process where most autotrophs make their own food |
| chlorophyll | green pigjment found in chloroplasts of green plants and algae |
| light-dependent phase | also called light reactions; occurs in grana of chloroplast |
| photolysis | the splitting of water by light energy |
| light-independent phase | also called the dark phase, synthetic phase, Calvin cycle, and carbon fixation cycle; occurs in stroma of chloroplasts |
| cellular respiration | the breaking down of a food substance (usually glucose) into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP |
| aerobic cellular respiration | requires oxygen to occur |
| anaerobic cellular respiration | does not require oxygen |
| glycolysis | initial breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid; does not require oxygen |
| Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) | pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which is converted to citric acid |
| cellular fermentation | the breakdown of glucose without oxygen |
| metabolism | the sum of all of a cell's life processes |
| codons | the DNA bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) arranged in groups of 3; there are 64 combiniatin to code for the 20 amino acids |
| transcription | the conversion of DNA code into RNA code |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | contains actual code fro transcription |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | combines with various proteins to form a ribosome |
| translation | the process of forming a polypeptide chain of amino acids |
| metabolic rate | the rate at which an organism carries on its life processes |
| anabolism | the building of molecules to store energy |
| catabolism | the breaking down of molecules to release energy |
| intracellular digestion | digestion of food inside of cells |
| extracellular digestion | digestion of food outside of cells |
| autophagy | digestion of cellular structures that are damaged, worn out, or no longer needed |
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marchbio
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