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BJU BIO CH 3
march bio ch 3 key terms
| Key Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cytology | the study of cells |
| fluid mosaic model | description of the composition of the plasma membranep; made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
| cytoplasm | all the material within the cell membrane other than the nucleus |
| mitochondria | "powerhouse of the cell"; center of cellular respiration |
| cristae | folds of mitochondrial membrane which contain enzymes necessary for cellular respiration |
| ribosomes | non-membrane-bound organelles; function in protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | folds of cellular membranes running throughout the cytoplasm; functions in synthesis of complex compounds; a channel for movement of substances |
| golgi apparatus | synthesis of complex polysaccharides and othe coplex secretions; packages substances for secretion |
| lysosomes | destroys old or useless cellular structures |
| cytoskeleton | system of fibers crisscrossing the inside of the cell; provides structure for the cell |
| flagella | occur singly or in small groups; aid in mobility |
| cilia | short, hairlike structures; aid in mobility |
| plastids | storage organelles for plants, algae; NOT found in animal cells |
| leucoplast | stores plant products; colorless |
| chromoplast | contains pigments |
| chloroplast | chromoplast that contains green pigments (chlorophyll), thylakoids, grana, filled with fluid called stroma |
| vacuole | a membrane-bound sac that contains food, water, wastes, or other materials |
| vesicle | a small vacuole |
| nucleus | control center of the cell |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane that surrounds thenucleus; contains large pores |
| nucleolus | contains large areas of RNA; site of ribosome synthesis |
| homeostasis | steady state of the cell; dynamic equilibrium |
| optimal point | the temperature at which a cell functions best |
| optimal range | where function can still take place |
| range of tolerance | the temperature range in which a cell or an organism will remain alive but will not function properly |
| limit of tolerance | the point outside of the optimal range where a cell dies |
| isotonic solution | condition where the concentration of solutes outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell |
| hypotonic solution | condition where the water concentration is higher and the solute concentration is lower in the solution than inside the cell; causes cytolysis |
| hypertonic solution | condition where the ratio of solutes to water is higher in the solution than inside the cell; causes plasmolysis in plants and shrinking of red blood cells |
| endocytosis | the process a cell uses to transport substances in bulk across the membrane |
| phagocytosis | "cellular eating" |
| pinocytosis | "cellular drinking" |
| exocytosis | process where vacuoles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the solution outside the cell |
| passive transport | movement with concentration gradient; no energy required; no membrane protein required for transport; diffusion and osmosis |
| passive mediated transport | movement with concentration gradient; no energy requiredp; membrane protein required for transport |
| active transport | movement against concentration gradient; energy required; membrane protein required for transport |
| cytolysis | the bursting of cells |
| plasmolysis | the process where a plant cell loses too much water by osmosis and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall |
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marchbio
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