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Biomed
2.1-2.3 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Glucagon | A protein hormone secreted by the pancreatic cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin |
| Glucose Tolerance Testing | A test of the body's abitlity to metabolize glucose that involves the intake of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the measure of glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used detect diabetes |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions(as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions |
| Hormone | A product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone |
| Insulin | A protein secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood |
| Negative Feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation |
| Positive Feedback | Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output |
| Type 1 Diabetes | Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescense and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese people and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impared insulin utiliazation coupled w/ the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production |
| Adenine Triphosphate (ATP) | A compound composed of Adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis |
| Amino Acid | An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins |
| Calorie | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C; also the amount of heat energy that 1g of water realease when it cools by 1C. the Calorie (capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie. |
| Carbohydrate | A sugar in the form of a monosacchride, disacchride, or polysacchride |
| Chemical Bond | An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound |
| Chemical Indicator | A substance (as a dye) used to show visually usually by its capacity for color change, the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of free acid or alkali or some other substance. |
| Chemical Reaction | Chemical transformation or change; the interaction f chemical entities |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule |
| Disacchride | A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides boded together through dehydration synthesis |
| Element | The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of a substance and is composed of one or more atoms |
| Glucose | a monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water |
| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charger ions |
| Lipid | One of a family of compounds including fats phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water |
| Macromolecule | A type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| Monosacchride | A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar |
| Nutrient | A substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health |
| Polymer | A large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together |
| Polysacchride | A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis |
| Protein | A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids |
| Hemoglobin A1c | A test that measures the level of hemoglobin A1c in the blood as a means of determining the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding two or three months |
| Hyperglycemia | An excess of sugar in the blood |
| Hypertonic | In comparing two solutions, reffering to the one with a lower solute concentration |
| Hypoglycemia | Abnormal decress of sugar in the blood |
| Hypotonic | In comparing two solutions, reffering to the one with a lower solute concentration |
| Isotonic | Having the same solute concentration an another solution. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a selectively permiable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solution | A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
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