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science
exam study guide
| Question | science final |
|---|---|
| blue star has | very hot surface temp |
| sand dune types | barchan, parabolic, transverse, longitudinal |
| prostar stage | begin life fusion, glowing |
| red giant | fuel almost gone, star begins expanding |
| neutron star | dying star w extremely dense mass |
| white dwarf | small star close to end of life |
| black hole | very dense star w huge gravitational field |
| cool bright star | red giant |
| 90 % of all stars | main sequence, 2 most abundant elements: Helium/Hydrogen |
| galaxy | star system of millions or billions |
| big bang theroy | best explaination for forming galaxies |
| Galaxies | irregular, spiral, elliptical |
| photosphere | bright yellow sun surface we see |
| core | where fusio in sun takes place |
| Einstein | developed math relationship between matter and energy E=mc |
| solar wind | steady stream of electrically charged particles given off by the sun |
| Asteriods can only be seen with | a telescope |
| Copernicus | proposed helicentric theory of solar system |
| gravitational pull increaes as | mass increases |
| Kepler | developed 3 laws of planetary motion |
| water and sediment is moved along beaches by | swash, backwash, longshore rip currents |
| orbit | path of planet around sun |
| planets and asteroids | part of our solar system |
| comet | ice, gas, and dust chunk moving around sun |
| meteorite | rock object from space that struck earth |
| running water as an agent of erosion doesn't include | water vapor carried by winds |
| makes water look muddy | suspended material |
| material in solution relies on | least amount of turbulence |
| increasing steepness of riverbed | won't increase water volume |
| elevatin above sea level has the | least affect on time needed to form a canyon |
| youthful streams in mountain regions | won't have oxbow lakes |
| deltas and alluvial fans have | same shape on the top surface |
| flood plains make | fertile agricultural areas |
| flash floods can be caused by | rapid snowmelt |
| soft bedrock and dry climate = | small steep sided gully forming quickly and remain unchanged for long time |
| Niagra Fall is an example of | recession by undermining |
| Waterfall receded 1M every 100 yrs | will take 100,000 years to recede 1KM |
| river will deposit all its sediment if | it flows into a lake |
| Particles rolling &sliding along stream bed | bedload |
| Velocity | how fast the water is traveling in the stream |
| meanders and oxbow lakes | characterize old age stream |
| gully | small V shaped valley formed in heavy rain |
| water shed | all land drained by a stream and tributaries |
| alluvial fans | at base of Rockies and Sierras |
| mining most minerals cheapest | on land (exception is manesium) |
| electrical conductivity can test for | salinity |
| Sodium & Chloride ae the most abundant | saltwater elements |
| Precission depth recorder measures | ocean depth |
| Alvin Jason Jr., Argo, JOIDES resolution ae used for | oceanographic research, HMS Challenger used in 1872 |
| Submarine canyons | are ancient riverbeds below sea level |
| Continental rivers provide material for | abyssal plain which is located between ocean ridge and continental rise |
| recently discovered buried under sediments | abyssal hills thought to be ancient parts of MO ridge |
| ooze | sediments on ocean floor from organic material |
| Sargasso Sea | quiet water in center of N Atlantic ocean |
| wind | sets ocean currents in motion. named after direction it is coming FROM |
| Gulf stream travels | along eastern US coast |
| Surface currents go | clockwise in N Hemisphere/counterclock wise in S Hemisphere |
| Optical telescopes | shouldn't be in large cities b/c city lights overpower starlight |
| telescopes work better than human eye b/c | larger lens/need to move to stay pointed at same star |
| refracting telescopes use | lenses |
| reflecting telescopes use | mirrors to gather sunlight |
| binoculars work like | refracting telescopes |
| spin casting is used when | making telescope mirrors |
| Hubble Space Telescope's major advantage is that | it is outside earth's atmosphere |
| radio telescopes larger than optical b/c | radio waves longer than optical |
| radio telescope arrays can | locate & find distances to objects in space |
| radio astronomers can | collect data anytime |
| optical telescopes observe | visible light |
| electromagnetic energy forms all have | same speed |
| spectroscope is a stars | fingerprint and seperates light into color bands |
| some astronomical objests can only be detected by | radio waves |
| 99. electromagnectic waves | energy travelling from stars |
| 100. blue spectrum shift indicates | distance between earth and star is decreasing |
| continuous spectrum | rainbow |
| 102. violet is refracted most by | prism |
| 103. constellation big dipper contains pointer stars for | polaris |
| 104. and AU (astronomical unit) measures | distance from sun to earth(about 150 million kilometers |
| 105. 10 LY | distance light travels in 10 years |
| 106. constellations | grows of stars in night sky |
| 107. apparent magnitude | how bright star appears to be |
| 108. absolute magnitude | how bright star truely is (if all stars were 32 LY from sun |
| 109. higher # on magnitude scale | dimmer star |
| 110. stars we see in our night sky | vary during the year |
| 111. H-R diagram | relationship between hotness & brightness of star |
| 112. sun | yellow star |
| 113. white dwarf | faint dim hot star |
| glacial ice comes from | snow which has been compacted |
| continental glaciers are found | in polar regions ex:Greenland |
| glacial origins are indicate by | cirques and U shaped valleys |
| valley glaciers form | in mountains and move downward |
| the snowline is | where snow remains yearround |
| plate tectonics studies | formation and movement of plates which are 50 to 150 km thick |
| mid ocean ridge= | underwater mountaion chain, has a deep narrow rift valley running through its center |
| subduction | forces one plate under another and forms trenches |
| convergent boundary | plates coming together |
| types of converging boundaries | collision and subduction |
| plates seperating | divergent boundary |
| Pangea | single land mass that included all continents |
| South America and Africa were once | joined at the Southh Pole |
| ocean plate material is | denser than continental |
| India became part of | Asia when two continental plates collided |
| rising convection currents are | the cause of rift valleys |
| cool areas in the asthenosphere | are contracting and sinking |
| continents are | less dense than the lithosphere and coposed of granite |
| the deepest trench is | the Mariana Trench-11km |
| the theory of continental drift is supported by | similar rock formations |
| ocean plates are composed | mostly of basalt |
| the Canadian Shield is | the visible part of the North American crater |
| North America and Africa formed | the Southern Appalachains |
| terrances are made of | rocks moved long distancesbefore joining a continent |
| blowouts and desert pavement are | a result of wind erosion |
| The San Andreas Fault is | a sliding boundary |
| accretion adds | rock material to continents |
| a block is a | hot rock |
| tephra | a solid material, thrown from a volcano |
| molten rock forms within | the asthenosphere, at plate boundaries, and under hot spots |
| trapped gas in molten rock changes its | composition at the surface |
| craters are | depessions st the top of volcanoes |
| calderas are formed when | the crater collapses |
| vents connect | magma to the volcano's opening |
| Laccoliths are | domed shaped masses of igneous rock |
| Aa is | rough/cindery lava |
| pahoehoe is | smooth/ropelike lava |
| Explosive eruptions are characteristic of | volcanoes developing on continental plates |
| shield cones are | primarily made of lava |
| erupted mafic lava | produces black sandy beaches |
| granite material causes | explosive eruptions |
| cooled magma inside old volcanoes | plutons |
| ring of fire | Pacific Ocean volcanic/earthquake activity |
| Fumerole | crack or hole in lava field |
| hot spot volcanoes | prove the moving plate theory |
| molten material is | held inside a magma chamber |
| basalt composes | a dike or sill |
| Olympus Mons,on Mars is our | solar system's largest volcanic cone |
| Mt. Saint Helens | is in Washington |
| Features of shoreline erosion include | cliffs, caves, arches, and stacks |
| earthquakes | affest a larger area than volcanoes |
| active volcanoes | erupt constantly |
| intermittent | erupt fairly regularly |
| dormant | have become inactive |
| extinct | have been inactive since recorded time |
| Earthquake movement along the | fault occurs at the focus |
| seismic waves are produced | by earthquakes |
| under water seismic waves cause | tsunamis |
| a major quake can be followed by | an aftershock |
| P waves are | primary, compressional, fastest, and travel throgh everything |
| S waves are | secondary, and can't travel through liquid or gas |
| L waves are | surface waves traveling outward from the epicenter |
| seismographs record | vibrations in the earth |
| total energy released by a quake is | magnitude |
| magnitude is measured by the | Richter Scale |
| DISTANCE to epicenter can be found by | 1 seismographic station |
| The Moho is between | the crust and the mantle |
| Baymouth bars, spits and lagoons are from | shoreline deposition |
| The seismic moment scale is more | accurate than the Richter |
| The most devestation of a quake happens | at the quakes epicenter |
| EPICENTERS can be found with | 3 seismographic stations |
| deep, ancient faults | quakes at middle of plate |
| active continental margins occur | at plate boundaries |
| continental collisions are forming | the Himilayas |
| ocean crust subducting under continental crust forms | mountains on continents |
| passive continental margins are | stable sreas with shallow waters |
| syncline is a | U shaped fold in a rock |
| an anticline is an | upfold in a rock |
| reverse fault is where | one side of fault plane is driven up over the other |
| normal fault is where | one side of the fault plane slides down the incline |
| 70% seafloor to 30% land is | eath's proportions |
| evaporation and freezing cause | salinity to increase |
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sprklsk8str
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