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Bio Macro unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biosphere | the part of the Earth, including air, lands, rocks, and water, within which life occurs |
| ecosystem | made up of a community of animals, plants, and bacteria interrelated together with its physical and chemical environment |
| biome | an ecosystem that is determined by climate and usually has specific plant and animal life |
| community | all of the organisms that live together and interact together in a specific area |
| population | a group of individuals belonging to the same species interacting in a specific area |
| abiotic factor | non-living factors |
| examples of abiotic factors | sun, temperature, wind , precipitation, soil |
| biotic factor | living factors |
| examples of biotic factors | animals and plants |
| transpiration | plants releasing water through the stoma (from their cellular respiration) |
| trophic structure | a pattern of feeding relationships, consisting of different levels |
| food chain | the sequence of food transfer from trophic level to trophic level |
| producers | use photosynthesis to synthesize organic compounds-> sugar (plants) |
| consumers | any organism that obtains its energy by eating another organism-> cannot make its own food (humans, dogs, earthworms, any animal) |
| secondary consumers | the first trophic level containing carnivores (birds, frogs, spiders, and small fish) |
| tertiary consumers | the second trophic level containing carnivores (snakes and large fish) |
| quaternary consumers | the third trophic level containing carnivores (hawks and killer whales) |
| stability | the community's ability to resist changes and return to its original species composition after being disturbed |
| competition | when two populations both require a limited resource, individuals of the two species compete for the resource |
| predation | one species eats another, the consumer, is called the predator, and the food species is known as the prey |
| symbiosis | interactions between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species (there types) |
| parasitism | one organism derives its food at the expense of the host (+-) |
| commensalism | one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other (+~) |
| mutualism | benefits both partners in the relationship (++) |
| example of parasitism | tapeworm inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbing nutrients from the host |
| example of commensalism | birds feed on insects flushed out by grass by grazing cattle |
| example of mutualism | acacia trees provide shelter and food to ants and the ants attack anything that touches it |
| immigration | moving into an existing population |
| emigration | leaving an existing population |
| limiting factor | a resource that is necessary for the organism's survival but can only be found in a finite amount |
| density dependent factors | limiting factors that affect greater % as the population density increases |
| density independent factors | limiting factors that affect the same # of individuals regardless of population density |
| examples of density dependent factors | food supply, water, territory, mates |
| examples of density independent factors | weather, fire, flood |
| carrying capacity | the number of individuals of a population in a community that the area can support |
| disturbance | a force that alters a biological community and usually removes organisms from it |
| ecological succession | when a community changes because of a disturbance |
| primary succession | when a community first arises in a lifeless area (lichens and mosses) |
| secondary succession | occurs when a disturbance occurs wiping out the organisms but leaves the soil intact |
| climax community | when a permanent final stage is reached for the specific type of soil and climate |
| What determines where biotic factors are found on Earth? | climate |
| what determines climate? | abiotic factors |
| What is a chemical nutrient | elements from the periodic table that you need |
| what happens when we run out of chemical nutrients? | WE DON'T! Chemical nutrients are recycled though our biosphere |
| what are three important chemical nutrients? | water, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| How does energy cycle through an ecosystem? | it doesn't! It FLOWS through an ecosystem |
| How does the way energy flows through an ecosystem affect communities and populations? | Every living thing is trying to obtain energy, which causes interactions between all living things in an area |
| What are some relationships between species and their environment in populations and communities? | Limited resources cause interactions |
| How can we tell if a population in a community is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same? | 4 different rates: births, deaths, immigration, and emigration |
| how big can populations within communities get, can it grow infinitely? | no, population growth is regulated by limiting factors |
| what causes changes in an ecosystem | ecosystems change whenever something happens to disrupt the natural balance of the area |
| how does the introduction of a new species affect an existing ecosystem? | it can have negative affects |
| how does the elimination of a species affect an existing ecosystem? | it could have negative or positive effects |
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