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Bio 1B Evolution
Lec 7,8,9,10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is Experimental Evolution | Evolution carried out in laboratory. |
| What was Michael Rose What was the name of the Fly Species? | Selected for long life in flies: Organisms deteriorate because natural selection acts more effectively in young than in the old. Drosophila Melanogaster |
| Explain Michael Rose in Terms of Natural Selection | Natural Selection will favor mutations that have a beneficial effect early in life, even if the same mutation has a deleterious effect late in life. |
| Who was Wichman & Bull | Evolved bacteriophage: Viruses that infect bacteria ΦX174 DNA bacteriophage that infects E.coli |
| Who is Peter Rosemary Grant | Galapagos Island able to track a bird population EXAMPLE of Natural Selection. |
| What is Hopi Hoekstra Favorite Sport? | Volleyball |
| Hopi Hoekstra and Michael Nachman INTEREST IN MICE | (1) what is the genetic cause of the dark coat color? (2) is the coat color adaptive? |
| Q1. Mutations at the Mc1r gene cause _______ coats in Pinacates rock pocket mice, and is maintained by ________. A.# agouti/migration | dark/ natural selection |
| Q2. The experiment by Dice, in which Barn Owls were released into a barn with deermice on different colored substrates demonstrates what? | That owls can more easily see and prey on mice whose coats mismatch their substrate. |
| Diploid Organisms Are? | Organisms with two complete sets of Chromosomes one from each Parent. |
| What are Mendel's First Law | 1. Law of Segregation- Every individual possesses a pair of alleles or any particular trait and that each parent passes a randomly selected copy (allele) of only one of these to its offspring. |
| What is Mendel's Second Law | 2. Law of Independent Assortment : AKA "Inheritance Law", states that separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring. |
| Brief on Eukaryotes | Sexual Reproduction only occurs in them. |
| What is an Isogamous Species | Has Gametes of the same size and form. |
| What is Anisogamous | Gametes that differ in size and form. Ex: Fungi and Algae |
| What sex is the one that produces the largest gametes. | Female |
| Who is Haploid and who is Diploid in bees, ants and wasps | Male- Haploid Female- Diploid |
| What ways can sex be determined | Humans -Genotype Animals -Environment/Temperature Bees -Haploid & Diploid |
| How can plants and animals produce new genetically identical individuals? | By budding or fission. |
| Plant producing seeds asexually is called? Animals producing Diploid eggs asexually is called? | Plants- Apomixis Animals- Parthenogenesis BOTH EQUAL CLONES OF PARENTS!!!! |
| What is Self Fertilization? | Two parents offspring is not identical to the mother just like Hermaphroditic species. Def: Occurs when a female gamete is fertilized by a male gamete from the same individual. |
| What is the two-fold cost of sexual reproduction? | B/CUZ! Sexual Reproduction requires = sons & daughters produced Female who reproduce asexually will on average produce 2x as many daughters as females who reproduce sexually |
| Why does sexual reproduction Persist? | 1. Genetically diverse offspring are better able to survive in different conditions. 2. Asexually reproducing species are not able to eliminate deleterious mutations as efficiently as sexually reproducing species. |
| What is Sexual Dimorphism? | the differences in appearance between males and females of the same species, as in colour, shape, size, and structure, that are caused by the inheritance of one or the other sexual pattern in the genetic material. |
| What two broad categories can Female choice be broken into? | Resource based Non-resource based choosiness |
| What is Resource based Female choice? | Female chooses the male that brings the most resources |
| What is Non-resource based Female choosiness? | Female chooses the male based on some inherent property of the male (good genes). |
| What is the sensory bias/exploitation hypothesis state? | Latent(existing but not yet developed) preferences in females are used by males to gain greater reproductive success. EX:Sword Fish |
| Q1. Which answers best fill the blanks in the following sentence? In animals, parthenogenesis results in siblings that are genetically ________ one another, while mating of males and females results in siblings that are genetically _______ one another. | the same as; different from |
| Q2. Which one of the following provides the best definition of isogamy? | Isogamous species produce gametes of the same size |
| Q3. Which one of the following best fills the blanks in the following statement? Darwin described two kinds of sexual selection, _______________ and _____________. | Q3. Which one of the following best fills the blanks in the following statement? Darwin described two kinds of sexual selection, _______________ and _____________. |
| What is the idea behind Ensatina? | Ensatina salamanders in California provide an example of the problem of defining species in practice. How species 1&2 can mate & 2&3 but 3&1 cannot |
| Q1. What type of evidence would be best able to demonstrate that Baker’s larkspur. Delphinium bakeri, is a separate species instead of a slightly different form of a widespread species? | Baker’s larkspur plants cannot be hybridized to plants from other geographic areas. |
| What is a Prezygotic barrier: | Anything that prevents mating and fertilization is a prezygotic mechanism. |
| What are some examples of prezygotic isolation | -Habitat isolation, -behavioral isolation, -temporal isolation, -mechanical isolation -gametic isolation |
| What is an example of a prezygotic Isolation? | Fruit Flies; are reproductively isolated b/cuz each species lays its egg on different host species. Adults return to lay eggs on the hosts from which they emerged. Other are reproductively isolated B/cuz mechanical incompatibility of their genitalia. |
| What is a Postzygotic Barrier? | Prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult. Ex:Mule |
| What is Allopatric Speciation? | Restriction of dispersal between two or more populations that would otherwise freely interbreed. Possibility:Geographic barrier(River,Desserts) |
| What is a Vicariance Even? | Seperation of two populations by a barrier such as a River. |
| What are two processes of Speciation? | Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation |
| A founder event is? | Another form of Allopatric and it is a source population colonize a new geographic area that is sparate from the source population by a nearly complete barrier to gene flow. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW POPULATION. |
| What occurs if there is no gene flow between two populations. | Populations will evolve independently under the combined effects of -mutations -natural selection -genetic drift |
| What is and adaptive radiation? | The evolution of numerous species from a common ancestor in an environment that presents new opportunities |
| What is sympatric speciation? | Occurs because of difference in habitat or food preference: |
| Q1. Mules are sterile because they cannot produce functional gametes. This is evidence that | horses and donkeys are separated by a postzygotic barrier. |
| Q2. Which one of the following is a necessary step in the process of species formation? | A reduction in gene flow. |
| Q3. Which pair of words best completes the following sentence: In the __________ theory of speciation, a barrier to ______ is the initial step. | allopatric, dispersal. |
| Q4. What has favored the evolution of many species of fig wasps? | Each fig wasp species lays eggs on only one species of fig. |
| What is the Paleozoic Era? | 540 -Cambrian -Ordovician -Silurian -Devonian -Mississippian -Pennsylvanian -Permian 250 |
| What is the Mesozoic Era? | 250 -Triassic -Jurassic -Cretaceous 65 |
| What is the Cenozoic Era? | 65 -Teritary -Quaternary 0 |
| What is the Linnaen Classification System? | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| What is Differential Survival | Every generation some individuals survive and others die. |
| What is the Theory of Evolution? FACT: PATTERN: MECHANISM: | -FACT: Organisms Change w/ time! -PATTERN: Tempo of Evolution Gradual vs Punctuated -MECHANISM: Natural Selection |
| Natural Theology States? | Nature is Harmonious |
| Concept of Natural Selection | Fitness and Reproduction |
| Why do we not see all transitional forms? | 1. Fossilization is imperfect only bony things are preserved. 2. Evolution is a continual procees, things keep evolving. |
| How can you explain organs of extreme perfection? | 1. Unlikely one mutation/change resulted in a complex structure 2. More likely that a complex structure developed over time w/improvements. |
| What is Pseudogenes? | Genes that are not expressed and do not function. |
| Homeotic Genes | Homologous structures derived from a common ancestor. |
| Vestigial Structures | No longer used but still present. Ex. Humans born with tales. |
| What is an outgroup? | organism that does not belong in the group but is closely related. |
| Taxa | Group of organisms |
| Monophyletic | Contains most recent common ancestors = ALL decedents |
| Paraphyletic | Incomplete group= Most recent common ancestor + SOME decendants |
| Polyphyletic | No common ancestor |
| How are monophyletic groups constructed? | Using Homologous Structures. |
| How are Polyphyletic groups constructed? | Made Using Analogous. |
| Principle of Parsimony | Fewer changes are more probable/likely |
| Allele | A form/version of a gene Ex: B, b |
| Genotype | Combination of alleles of a gene in an individual Ex: BB, Bb |
| Loci | location on DNA/gene |
| Incomplete Dominance | Phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (blend) |
| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Assumes | -No Migration -No Natural Selection -No Mutation -Infinite Population -Random Mating =No Genetic Drift |
| What is the Null Hypothesis | No evolution Is occurring your in HARDY WEINBERG |
| What is a Point Mutation | A mutation of a single nucleotide |
| What is the mutation rate in Humans? | 1x10-9 |
| Somatic Cells | IF a mutation occurs it causes cancer |
| Germ Line | Gametes If a mutation occurs there it is passed on to the offspring |
| Inversion | DNA is flipped |
| Duplication | DNA nucleotide or an entire section gets copied |
| Deletion | DNA nucleotide/section lost/ disappears |
| Initial Frequency in a new mutation is assumed to be? | 1/2N |
| What is Genetic Drift | Change in allele freq due to random sampling Powerful in small populations |
| Bottleneck Effect | Involves massive die off Rare allele can become widespread after this event or reverse. Ex:Cheetahs Pop goes small then goes big and share almost all the same gene. |
| Founders Effect | Small population colonizes a new area. |
Created by:
Sarai0918
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