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Patho
heart and lymphatics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Main goal is to transport oxygen and nutrients and the removal of metabolic waste products within the body |
| Capillaries | Single layer of endothelial cells |
| Lymphatics | Reabsorb fluid that leaks out of vascular network. Deep in connective tissue |
| Intima | Layer of endothelial cells. Direct contact with blood |
| Media | Smooth muscle and elastin. Ticker in arteries. |
| Adventitia | Supportive connective tissue. |
| Extrinsic | Vasoconstriction. |
| Intrinsic | Autoregulation. |
| Thrombus-stationary blood clot | Blood clots composed of aggregated platelets, clotting platelets, fibrin. Form in chambers of the heart. |
| Thrombus | Intermittent claudication, cool to touch, calf or groin tenderness |
| Embolus-traveling blood clot | Dislodged thrombus, from heart, from deep veins of pelvis and lower extremities. |
| Vasospasm | Sudden constriction of smooth muscle, angina |
| Vasculitis | Inflammation of an artery |
| Phlebitis | inflammation of an artery |
| Atherosclerosis | most common form Most common cause of CHRONIC arterial obstruction Risk factor for cardiovascular disease |
| Plaque | muscle cells, lipoproteins, inflammatory debris |
| LDL cholesterol | “bad” because it attaches to and is toxic to vessel walls |
| HDL cholesterol | “good” because it stimulates the mobilization of cholesterol from the periphery to the liver where it is broken down |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease PAD | Disease of superficial vessels (usually legs) Seen most in older men Risk factors are the same as for atherosclerosis |
| Raynaud Syndrome | Vasospasms of the small vessels in the digits Begins in adolescence Most common in women Precipitated by cold or emotional stress |
| Aneurysms | Localized arterial dilations Arterial wall deteriorates until it bulges out Due do vascular structure that has lost elasticity and has weakened. |
| Vascular Incompetence | Results in venous insufficiency Overstretching of the valves The valve cusps can no longer meet Backflow results in engorgement of involved veins |
| Varicose Veins | Develop when return flow is blocked Valvular incompetence involving superficial veins Varicosities develop-superficial, darkened, raised, tortuous veins |
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency | Valvular incompetence involving deep veins Pressure elevated for long periods/deep veins affected Previous DVT is a risk factor |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) | Stasis of blood in an extremity Immobility Impaired heart function Increased blood viscosity Dehydration Increased coagulation |
| Arterial Blood Pressure | Provides the momentum for adequate blood flow to meet the body’s needs for delivery of oxygen and nutrients. |
| Normal Blood pressure | SBP= <120 DBP= <80 |
| BP regulations. Short-term | Sympathetic nervous system, Barocreceptors |
| BP regulations. Long-term | Nervous system, hormones, Kidneys. Fluid balance, RAAS, ADH |
| Fluid volume. Increase in extracellular fluid results in | Increased CO |
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) | Renin is an enzyme made and controlled in the kidneys Renin forms angiotensin I |
| Vasopressin | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). Released from the pituitary because of: Decreased BP, Decreased Blood volume, Increased osmolarity |
| Essential Hypertention | Silent killer. Generally asymptomatic, Leads to many cardiovascular disorders. Causes trauma to the intima of the vessels. |
| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of adrenal medulla. Hypersecreting benign adenoma |
| Hypertensive Crisis (AKA Malignant HTN) | uncontrolled primary HTN. Hypertensive Crisis is a life threatening elevation of BP and is often drug induced Diastolic >120 mm HG |
| Orthostatic Hypotension | Decreased BP that occurs when position is changed quickly to upright |
| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | Leading cause of death in the US. |
| Atherosclerosis | Harding of the arteries. Generally the underlying cause of CHD. Plaque build up from earlier. |
| Ischemia | Inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium as a result of the impaired blood flow. |
| Myocardial Ishcemia: Acute Coronary Syndrome | occurs when sudden obstruction of coronary blood flow results in acute myocardial ischemia |
| chronic coronary syndrome | Plaque build up progresses slowly so the heart has time to develop other pathways (collateral circulation) |
| Angina Pectoris | Chest Pain. Crushing or squeezing. |
| Stable Angina | Classic or typical. Results from narrowing and stiffening of the coronary vessels. Cant respond to increased O2 demand. |
| Variant Angina | Prinzmetal's Results from coronary vasospasms (unrelated to increased O2 demand) |
| Unstable Angina | Acute coronary syndrome. Cannot distinguish from MI w/o labs EKG |
| Myocardial Infarction | Results from prolonged or total disruption of blood flow to the myocardium. Thrombus formation on a rough spot or rupture site on an atherosclerotic plaque ECG/EKG |
| Time you are susceptible to a rupture after a myocardial infarction | 1-2 weeks |
| Valvular Disease- Stenosis | Failure of a valve to open completely. Increased work because blood must be forced through high resistance. Hypertrophy |
| Valvular Disease- Regurgitation | Failure of a valve to completely close. Back flow of blood into previous chambers. Hypertrophy |
| Valvular Disease- Prolapse | Valve balloons backward into the supplying chamber. |
| Aortic Stenosis | Calcium deposits on the aortic cusps. Obstructs aortic flow. Increase in left ventricle pressure. |
| Aortic Regurgitation | Blood leaks from aorta back to left ventricle. Increase left ventricle pressure. |
| Endocardium | Layer of endothelial cells that lines the chambers of the heart. |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) | May acquire if had Rheumatic Fever in childhood from strep infection. Heart damage due to immune attack on individual's own tissues. Incompletely understood. |
| Infective Endocarditis | Infection of the endocardial structures by microorganisms which results in inflammation Strep. and Staph. Flu-like symptoms |
| Myocarditis | Inflammation and necrosis of the cardiac muscle cells. May be caused by bacteria, viruses, immune-mediated diseases and physical agents. |
| Pericardium | Protective covering of the heart that is made of 2 layers. |
| Pericardium Visceral Layer | attached to heart itself |
| Pericardium parietal layer | Layer that forms a sac around the heart |
Created by:
whitneydpugh
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