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Biology test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hierarchical levels | Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom |
| Cell | -All life is composed of cells -membrane bound: containing DNA |
| DNA | How to grow and develop -response to environment -regulation |
| prokaryotic cell | -Bacteria -lack a nucleus -have DNA-loose |
| eukaryotic cell | -everything else -DNA in nucleus -much bigger and complex -organelles |
| producer | -autotroph(plant) -make their own food -trap energy from sun-photosynthesis |
| consumer | -heterotrophs(all animals) -feed on plants or other organisms -take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide |
| decomposer | -small animals, fungi, bacteria -cycle nutrients |
| energy flow | energy comes from sun and moves through producers to consumers to decomposers and is lost as heat between each passing. Doesn't go back to the sun |
| 3 domains | -bacteria-typical bacteria -archaea- live in extreme environments -eukarya |
| eukarya kingdoms | -protists -fungi -animalia -plantae |
| Darwin's Book | Origin of Species published in 1859 |
| Two points made in Origin of Species | 1. Evidence for evolution- decent with modification 2. Mechanism for evolution- natural selection |
| 3 requirements of natural selection | 1. Heritable individual variation 2. Overproduction of offspring 3.competion for food/nest |
| Discovery Science Hypothesis based science | -nobody knows about it -you have an idea and test it |
| Deductive reasoning | -General to specific-prediction forming |
| Inductive reasoning | -Specific to general-hypothesis forming |
| natural causality | all events can be traced to natural causes(not supernatural) |
| Common perception | -natural events are perceived the same -no value judgements- good vs bad |
| science assumptions | -natural causality -uniformity in space and time -common percetion |
| stages of science | -observation -hypothesis forming -testing predictions -re-analysis of hypothesis(conclusion) |
| Hypothesis | -proposed explanation for observation -cant be proven |
| Element | pure substance-can't be broken down to other substances 25 essential to life |
| 4 big elements of life | carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen |
| compound | 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio( water) more common than pure elements |
| atom | smallest unit of an element still retains properties of an element protons and neutrons in nucleus electrons orbit nucleus |
| ion | charged atom(electrons do not equal protons) |
| nucleus | atom's central core |
| atomic nucleus | -protons-mass of 1 dalton -neutrons-mass of 1 dalton |
| atomic number | number of protons in atom |
| atomic mass | number of protons and neutrons in atom |
| isotope | -variant form of an element -same # of protons different # of neutrons -behave the same in chemical reactions -some unstable -radioactive decay |
| radioactive isotope | -nucleus decays spontaneously giving of particles of energy -used to date rocks, fossils, trace chemicals, diagnose disease |
| Electrons and energy | -orbit nucleus in electron shells -2 in first shell, 8 in next two -like full outer shell -unfilled outer shells=reactive |
| molecules | -two or more atoms "bonded" together -chemical bonds-electron mediated interactions |
| covalent bonds | -shared electrons -one or more pairs of electrons are shared -fills outer shell of both atoms strong bonds in water |
| nonpolar bond | equal share of electrons |
| polar bond | unequal share of electrons |
| ionic bond | transfer of electrons -one atom gains another loses -both become ions(charged atoms) -bond forms by attraction of opposite charges -weak bond in water(because water is polar) |
| hydrogen bond | -weak bond -when a hydrogen atom is involved in a polar covalent bond-partial positive charge on hydrogen -weakly attracted to slight negative charge -important in water and large organic molecules(proteins, nucleic acids) -form between water molecule |
| chemical reaction | making and breaking bonds reactants combine to form product |
| importance of water | -largest part of living material -earth is covered by water -chemical reactions of life occur in water |
| properties of water | due to hydrogen bonds-heat storage, ice formation, high heat of vaporization, cohesion(binds with water), high polarity(good for dissolving ionic and polar substances |
| properties of water ph | pure water is neutral(7) |
| ph | range from 0-14 (acidic to basic) acids raise hydrogen bases lower hydrogen most cells maintain a ph of 7 |
| buffer | resists change in ph(takes or gives hydrogen) |
| molecules of cells are... | macromolecules |
| macromolecules | large, organic molecules made of mostly carbon and hydrogen often polymers composed of monomers formed by dehydration synthesis |
| hydrolysis | to break a polymer with water |
| functional group | group that gives special properties almost all are hydrophilic(some hydrophobic) polar |
| four classes of macromolecules | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid |
| carbs | function-structure storage and energy sugars |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar(monomer) |
| disaccharide | two sugars |
| polysaccharide | many sugars starch(storage,plants) glycogen(storage,animals) cellulose(structure,plants) chitin(structure,arthropods) |
| lipids | insoluble in water(non-polar bonds) hydrophobic fats-glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails |
| saturated | straight single bonds most hydrogen possible solids at room temp |
| unsaturated | kinked,some double bonds fewer hydrogen oil at room temp |
| phospholipid | 2 fatty acid tails with a phosphate head hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head form cell membranes |
| steroids | lipid ring structure cholesterol |
| protein | diverse functions-structure, catalysis(enzymes) polymers of amino acids 20 kinds of amino acids |
| amino acids | 20 kinds similar structure except R group linked by peptide bonds(covalent) 4 levels of protein structure |
| protein structure | primary-sequence of amino acids secondary- coiling or folding due to hydrogen bonds tertiary-overall 3-dimensional shape(globular) quaternary-2 or more polypeptide chains |
| nucleic acid | monomers are nucleotides(sugar,phosphate, nitrogenous base) DNA and RNA |
| DNA | four bases a-t c-g double stranded helix |
| RNA | single stranded uracil instead of thymine for protein synthesis |
| Robert Hooke | first to see cells in cork mid 1600s cellulae "little rooms" |
| Cell theory | -all organisms are composed of cells -cells are smallest living thing -life arose once 3.5 BYA -cells only arise from existing cells |
| cell size | small-require microscopes constrained by surface area/volume ratio |
| Cell structure | plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, organelles |
| plasma membrane | surrounds cell, regulates passage, contains receptors that affect cell's activity |
Created by:
karlifries
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