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Geology 103
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define geology and science in gerneral. | geology is the study of the earth, science is a systematic process of asking questions about the observable world by gathering and studying available information. |
| what is the scientific method what are the steps how is it used? | observation, a question, collecting information, a hypothesis, controlled experiments, testing the hypothesis, credibility of the hypothesis, possible theory |
| Define mineral and rock | mineral-is a solid natural substance in which atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern, rock-a naturally occurring solid composed of mineral crystals or grains |
| What are the five criteria that define a mineral | naturally occuring, solid, definite chemical compostion, ordered atomic arrangement, inorganic |
| how does a mineral and a glass differ? | in glass atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern |
| What are mineral polymorphs? | heated pressurized minearls, diamonds/coal |
| What properties are commonly used to identify minerals? | size shape, taste color, reacts to acid size, smell, texture |
| What is Mohs Hardness Scale? How is it used? | scale to determine relative hardness, a penny and glass to define hardness |
| Name some of the softest minerals. Name some of the hardest minerals. | softest-talc, gypsum hardest-diamond |
| what are the three types of rocks? how do they differ? | igenous(plutonic/volcanic)-formed from melt, metamorphic-rocks changed by pressure, temperature an/or fluids, sedimentary(clastic/chemical)-formed at earths surface from other rock grains |
| How does magma and lava differ? | magma is subsurface melt and lava melts at the surface |
| Define intrusive and extrusive igneous rocka. Where are they formed? | intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks cool slowly underground, and extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks cool quickly at the surface |
| What is magma composed of? | solidified mineral crystals are borne by the melt, liquid the liquid is comprised of mobile ions and volatile gas i.e sulfur dry magma and wet magma |
| What are four types of magmas? How do they differ | felsic,(high explosions) intermediate High explosive eruptions, magic (Low thin hot runny eruptions and ultramafic Very low the sio2 levels are different |
| Describe how magma moves. What is viscosity? | magma moves by injections into the cracks, melting overlying rocks, squeed by the overburden the viscosity of the magma and that is dependent on its silica content silca rich magmas are thick and viscous and silca poor magmas are thin and runny |
| What controls a magma cooling rate? | depth, shape, exposure to air |
| What is a xenolith? How does it form? | foregin particles that get trapped in magma bodies, pieces of the rock fall into magma |
| Define dike, sills and pluton Describe them how do they form? | pluton is a bowl shape, dike is vertical shape, sill is horizontal |
| How are igneous rocks classified? | texture aphanitic(fine grain) phaneritic (coarse grain) and compostion color |
| Define and contrast aphanitic and phaneritic igneous rocks. Where do they form? | Aphanitic Fine grain extrusive, Phaneritic coarse grain intrusive |
| How do glassy an porous igneous rocks form? | fastest cooling expelled out glass trapped in cools before it hits the ground.x |
| What sorts of materials are produced by volcanos? | lava, ash, particles rocks, volcanic debris |
| Describe a basaltic type lava how does it differ from andesitic or rhyoltioc lava? | hawaii, balastic is very runny, less vicousis runny and hot, andesitic would be thicker and more viscous |
| How does pahoehoe and aa lava differ | aa is short and pointy, pahoehoe is smooth |
| Describe volcanic ash. What is it comprised of? | crystallized particles glass pieces in the air shards of glass |
| What are pyroclastic flows? What are lahars? | ash mixed with debris coming down a slope=pyroclastic flows, Lahars are the snow melting witht he heat from the lava flowing down the mouton |
| Describe common features/parts of a typical volcano draw them. | magma chamber, neck, vent, crater |
| How does a volcanic crater and caldera differ? | crater is a smaller top of a volcano. Caldera is a larger area |
| Name and describe the three different types of volcanos. | composite-large cone shaped volcanos cinder-small volcanic debris volcanos and shield-inverted shield |
| describe the difference between and effusive and explosive eruption Which volcanos produce each? | effusive explosions blow out of the mouton example is mt. st. helens. |
| Describe the Mt. St. Helens explosion? Why was it so destructive? | the volcano blew out of the side intstead of straight up causing a lot more damage to the surrounding area. |
| What are some common hazards associated with volcanos? | ash, pyroclastic flows, lava |
| Differentiate active dormant and extinct volcanos. | active ones are eruption, dormant are sleeping or resting. extinct the neck and chamber have been crystallized will not erupt |
| Contrast physical and chemical weathering. | physical breaking down large rocks to small rocks. example ice wedging. chemical weathering is reaction to a certain chemical like limestone, water carbon dioxide acid |
| Describe the most common physical weathering process. Where do they occur? | frost wedging in between rocks |
| Describe the process of dissoultion | CO2 combines water seeps down below surface limestone reacts and eats away at the rock. |
| What causes sinkholes to form? | collapse of ground dissolution |
| How does environment control weathering rates? | temperature and amount of water |
| What are soils? What are the controls on how they form? | combination of organic materials and rock pieces. Places that are exposed to long period of time. rainforest has thicker soil |
| what is erosion? Provide some examples of erosional process | transport process of sediment. i.e. rivers wind blowing sand |
| Define Sedimentary rock. Provide examples | rocks made up of other particles of organic clastic rock |
| What are the four classes of sedimentary rocks? How do they differ? | clastic, biogenic,chemical, biochemical |
| Describe the process of citification in cementation. | build of sediments get packed on top of each other over time, water passes through sediments. |
| How are sedimentary rocks classified? | grain size, sorting, composition grain shape |
| How does blast, grain, shape and sorting determine transport distance? | the further the grains travel the more smaller and round the rock will be the shorter distance the more bigger and angular the rock will be |
| How do chemical and organic sedimentary rocks differ? | chemical rocks are inorganic not in sea water organic is coal |
| How are sedimentary structures used to determine depositional environments? | crossbedding, planar bedding graded bedding |
| How do symmetrical and asymmetrical ripples differ? How are they formed? | ripples are based on the environment symmetrical water moved back and forth (shoreline) and asymmetrical water moved only one way (underground) |
| Provide some examples of terrestrial and marine desportional environments. | Rivers lakes, sand, lake in mud ocean has chalk lime |
| What types of sedimentary rocks form in each of these environments? | sands in deserts, mud in lakes rivers |
| What are protoliths?What is required for metamorphism to occur | slate shale, the original type of rock that gets altered or changed, 1, pressure, 2, temperature |
| What properties are used to identify metamorphic rocks? | texture compostion |
| What are some of the common processes and causes of metamorphism ? | magama intrusion, impact craters, low grade heat only vs high grade heat and pressure |
| Compare and Contrast normal and shear stress. | normal one directional pressure and shear stress different directional stress |
| What is foliation? How does it occur? | bandings in rocks layering effect |
| How are metamorphic rocks classified? What are some common examples? | foliation schist vs. no foliation quartzite |
| Contrast low-grade and high grade metamorphic rocks. | low grade=less heat high grade =more heat and more pressure |
| What are metamorphic facies? | facies are locations underground where temperature and pressure increase to figure out where the rock was formed |
| Where do metamorphic rocks commonly form | below ground in high temperature and high pressure |
| Contrast thermal dynamic, burial, reginal hydrothermal subduction and shock metamorphism. | dynamic is like a fault, thermal is high heat underground, regional scale thousands of miles aside, hydrothermal, liquid hot water changing the rock |
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