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SLS Bio12 KM
SLS Bio12 Biomolecules KM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid | Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower its pH numerically |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. |
| amino acid | Monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH) |
| base | Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically |
| buffer | Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
| carbohydrate | Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) |
| complementary base pairing | The standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing, such as thymine being paired with adenine and cytosine paired with guanine. |
| dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a molecule that encodes an organism's genetic blueprint. |
| dipeptide | a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link. |
| disaccharide | A sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, thus yields two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis. |
| double helix | A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, esp. that in the structure of the DNA molecule |
| hemoglobin | A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates |
| hydrogen bonding | a weak type of chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
| hydrolysis | A chemical reaction in which the interaction of a compound with water results in the decomposition of that compound. |
| Lipid | A fatty or waxy organic compound that is readily soluble in nonpolar solvent (e.g. ether) but not in polar solvent (e.g water). Its major biological functions involve energy storage, structural component of cell membrane, and cell signaling |
| monomer | A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, polymer, etc. |
| monosaccharide | A simple sugar, example: fructose, glucose, and ribose. |
| neutral fat | A glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids; a triglyceride. |
| nucleic acids | Any of the group of complex compounds consisting of linear chains of monomeric nucleotides whereby each monomeric unit is composed of phosphoric acid, sugar and nitrogenous base, and involved in the preservation, replication |
| nucleotide | The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| organic | Of, pertaining to, derived from, or similar to an organ of the body. |
| peptide bond | The covalent bond joining amino acids, particularly at the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid, with the concomitant release of a molecule of water |
| pH | If pH →, it is a measure to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution or a substance. |
| phospholipid | A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. |
| polarity | The tendency of forming distinctive opposing charges based on the orientation of chemical bonds and spatial structure of the molecule |
| polymer | A compound made up of several repeating units (monomers) or protomers. |
| polypeptide | A polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds |
| polysaccharide | Any of a class of carbohydrates formed by repeating units linked together by glycosidic bonds |
| primary structure | A structure of a biological molecule in which there is a precise sequence or order of monomeric units. It serves as the covalent backbone of biological molecules (such as DNA and proteins). |
| protein | A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. |
| quaternary structure | A structural level wherein several proteins (or polypeptide subunits) interact through non-covalent bonds to form one functional protein complex. |
| R-group | group in which the electronic charge density is essentially uniform and that cannot therefore interact with other groups by forming hydrogen bonds or by strong dipole dipole interactions. |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A nucleic acid that is generally single stranded (double stranded in some viruses and siRNA), composed of repeating nucleotide units of ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. |
| saturated fatty acid | A form of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms. |
| secondary structure | A structure of a biological molecule characterized by the local folding within the biopolymer as a result of hydrogen bonding (within the biopolymer). |
| solvent | A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution. |
| starch | A polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers. |
| steroid | A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. |
| tertiary structure | A structure of a biological molecule (such as proteins and nucleic acids) which is in its three dimensional shape, as defined by the atomic coordinates. |
| unsaturated fatty acid | fatty acid with one or more double bonds. |
| nitrogenous base | Nitrogenous bases are one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, such as DNA. They may also form nucleosides wherein the nitrogenous base is attached to a sugar. |
Created by:
Kmutter
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