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micro test 2 ch 7
chapter 7 micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genetics- | study of what genes are, how they carry information, how they are expressed and replicated |
| Gene- | segment of DNA that carries hereditary information, chromosomes contain the gene |
| Chromosome- | contains DNA that encodes a functional part (usually a protein) |
| Genome- | all genetic information in a cell |
| Genomics- | molecular study of genomes |
| Describe the flow of genetic material within a bacterium? | replication begins at origin DNA polymerase replicates DNA only 5' to 3' direction leading strand synthesized towards the replication fork lagging strand synthesized discontinuously away from the fork RNA primers removed, Okazaki fragments joined DNA |
| What is the structure of DNA? | cell uses genetic information contained in DNA to make proteins, including enzymes. info transferred to next generation during cell division. DNA can be transfered to cells in same generation, = new combination of genes |
| What is DNA synthesis structure? | the leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork in the 5' to 3' direction it only needs one RNA primer to start the process |
| gyrase- | releases super coiling |
| ligase- | makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands |
| DNA polymerase- | synthesize DNA ( spellchecker) |
| Helicase- | the zipper that separates the two halves (forks) |
| Primase- | makes RNA primers |
| Ribozyme- | in eukaryotic cells |
| RNA polymerase- | makes RNA |
| What is DNA replication? | smaller molecules to bigger ones using energy with nucleotide and energy as a building block each new DNA has 1/2 each parent |
| DNA replication facts- | DNA always makes the copy 5' to 3' away to 5 end is lagging polymerase can only add a nucleotide to a 3 strand ligase fills the gap all 4 nitrogen bases have methylated |
| DNA replication of eukaryotic? | uses 4 DNA polymerase thousands of origins shorter okazaky fragments plant and animal cells methylate only to cystone bases |
| what are the two processses of protein synthesis? | transcription and translation |
| transcritpion? | gives info to translations so it can interpret it to polypeptides ( copied from DNA to RNA) proceeds in 5' to 3' direction stops at termination sequence |
| translation? | ribosomes use genetic information of nucleotide sequence to synthesize polypeptides Mrna is translated to codons starts at codon; AUG ends at nonsense codons; UAA, UAG, UGA |
| DNA and RNA? | DNA is the blueprint RNA is the contractor |
| LAC inducible operon- | includes promotor, opertator and 3 genes that encode proteins involved in the transport and catabolism of lactase sugar |
| TRP repressible operon- | consist of promoter, operator and 5 genes that code for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of tryptophan |
| mutation- | change in genetic material |
| point mutations- | most common, one base pair is affected , insertions, deletion and substitutions |
| frameshift mutations- | reading of nucleotide triplets are displaced, insertion or deletion |
| silent mutation- | change in one base in the sequence that does not cause a change in amino acid sequence; neutral effect |
| missense mutation- | change in one pairing due to a point mutation that changes amino acid sequence |
| nonsense mutation- | result in nonsense codon being expressed where it should not be causing the amino acid chain formation to stop prematurely |
| spontaneous mutation- | 1 to 10*9 replicated base pairs or 1 in 10*6 replicated genes |
| describe repair process- | 1. exposure to uv light causes adjacent thymines to become cross linked 2.endonucleus cuts the DNA and an exonucleus removes the damages to DN 3.DNA polymerasees fills gaps by synthesizing new DNA using intact strand as template |
| vertical gene transfer- | occurs during reproduction between generations of cells |
| horizontal gene transfer- | transfer of genes between the cells of the same generation |
| describe genetic recombination- | cells with DNA molecules that contain nucleotide sequences vertical gene transfer makes organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants |
| describe transformation- | cells pick up naked peice of DNA from environment one conclusive proof that DNA is genetic material cells that take up DNA are competent |
| describe conjugation by a bacteriophage- | donor cell remains alive requires physical contact between donor and recipients cells |
| describe transduction- | involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus |
| what is a plasmid? | carries information required for its own replication and often for one or more cellular traits |
Created by:
kaseyendres1
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