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SLS Bio12 Biomol D.N
SLS Bio 12 Biomolecules D.N
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower its PH numerically. |
| Adenosine Triphopshate (ATP) | A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. |
| Amino acid | Monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH) |
| Base | Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the PH numerically. |
| Buffer | Substances or group of substances that tend to resists pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity. |
| Carbohydrate | Class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of CH2O groups; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
| Complementary base pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular bases; in DNA, thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). |
| Dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix. |
| Dipeptide | A peptide composed of two amino-acid residues. |
| Disaccharide | Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide. |
| Double helix | Double spiral; describes the three-dimensional shape of DNA. |
| Hemoglobin | Iron containing pigment in red blood cells that combines with and transports oxygen. |
| Hydrogen bonding | Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
| Lipid | Organic compound that is insoluble in water, notably fats, oils, and steroids. |
| Lubricant | A substance, such as oil or grease, used for minimizing friction, esp. in an engine or component. |
| Maltose | A sugar, C12H22O11, produced by the breakdown of starch, e.g., by enzymes found in malt and saliva. |
| Monomer | Small molecule that is a sub unit of a polymer, eg, glucose is a monomer of starch. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugars, a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. |
| Neutral fat | Neutral fats are produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol. |
| Nitrogenous base | A nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base is a nitrogen-containing organic molecule having the chemical properties of a base. |
| Nucleic acids | A complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group. |
| Organic | denoting compounds containing carbon. |
| Peptide bond | Covalent that joins two amino acids. |
| pH | Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. |
| Phosphate | A salt or ester of phosphoric acid, containing PO43− or a related anion |
| Phospholipid | Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membrane; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two non-polar hydrophobic tails. |
| Polarity | The property of having poles or being polar. |
| Polymer | Macromolecule consisting of covalently, bonded monomers. |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Polysaccharide | Polymer made from sugar monomers, the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers. |
| Primary structure | The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain.considered as the most basic element of its structure. |
| Protein | Organic macromolecule that is composed of either one or several polypeptides. |
| Quaternary structure | Biomolecular structure is the structure of biomolecules, mainly proteins and the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. |
| R-group | Abbreviation given to an unimportant part of a molecule. |
| Ribonucleic acid | Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose, occurs in three forms. messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. |
| Ribose | A sugar of the pentose class that occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes. |
| Saturated fatty acid | Molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum number of hydrogens. |
| Secondary structure | The local three-dimensional structure of sheets, helices, or other forms adopted by a polynucleotide or polypeptide chain. |
| Solvent | Fluid, such as water, that dissolves solutes. |
| Starch | Storage polysaccharides found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains. |
| Steroid | Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings, examples; cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone. |
| Sugar-phosphate backbone | The DNA backbone is a polymer with an alternating sugar-phosphate sequence. |
| Temperature regulator | The Self-Operating Temperature Regulator is a mechanically operated device designed to regulate system temperature by modulating the flow of a heating or cooling fluid in response to temperature changes. |
| Tertiary structure | The overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule. |
| Thymine | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA; pairs with adenine. |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain. |
| Uracil | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA; pairs with adenine. |
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