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lecture10/11
plant development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are meristems for? | generate new cells for new organs |
| what does primary growth do? | lengthen shoots and roots |
| what is secondary growth? | adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants |
| in plants what are gametes formed by? | sporocytes |
| when are embryos formed? | during double fertilization |
| how are sperm produced in male flowering plants? | a diploid cell divides by meiosis to form four haploid cells. these haploid cells then divide by mitosis to form a multicellular haploid pollen grain. This pollen grain divides by mitosis to form a germinating pollen grain with sperm in side it (Haploid) |
| how are eggs produced in the female organs of a flowering plant? | a diploid cell in an ovule divides by meiosis to form four haploid cells (3 die). the survivor divides by mitosis to form a multcellular haploid embryo sac. the cell was forms to create a mature embryo sac with a haploid egg |
| what parts of the plant does embryogenesis develop? | axes, cotyledons, hypocotyl, and root |
| how does embryogenesis establish the plant? | 1. zygote 2.apical-basal axis is established 3. apical/basal cells divide in diff planes. 4. radial axis is established in globular stage 5. cotyledons and meristems form 6.embryo continues to grow as cell divisions occur in precise orientation |
| what is the apical meristem? | the growing tip |
| what are the three types of embryonic tissues in plants? | epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue |
| what are plants three basic organs? | roots, stems, leaevs |
| what are characteristics of monocot | one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous root system, pollen grain with one opening, petals in multiples of three |
| what are some characteristics of eudicots? | two cotyledons, netlike veins, ringed vascular tissue, taproot, three opening pollen grain, petals in multiples of four or five |
| what are the roles of roots? | anchors a vascular plant, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores nutrients |
| where does the absorption of water and minerals occur in roots? | near root tips where vast numbers of tiny roots hais increase the surface area of the root |
| describe the eudicot/gymnosperm roots | tap root with lateral roots |
| describe the monocot/seedless vascular plant root system | fibrous root system |
| what does the stem shoot consist of? | alternating nodes and internodes |
| where do the terminal and axillary buds occur? | terminal-shoot tip (apical bud) located at tip of stem/branch & causes elongation/ axillary (lateral bud)- where leaf meets the stem and can develop into another branch |
| how can stems be modified? | for growth, storage, or reproduction |
| what is a bud? | embryonic shoot but can also form flowers (with proper chemical cues) |
| what is the general makeup of a leaf? | a flattened blade and a petiole (the stalk) |
| describe different types of leaves | smooth-edge, lobed, pointed, simple, compound, |
| what is the shape of a leaf partly a function of? | the activity of the gene Phantastica |
| how are flat blades held | perpendicular to the sun's rays (some leaves track the sun) |
| give examples of modified leaves? | tendrils, colored leaves, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves |
| how do thick structures, tube=like structures, and flattened structures compare in SA and V | flattened leaves had a larger SA:V ratio than roots |
| what is the role of needle like leaves? | water is often scarce in environments where these species grow, this shape minimizes transpiration loss compared to leaves with larger surface areas |
| what is dermal tissue? | the outer protective covering. protects from water loss, disease, herbivores |
| what is the epidermis | also known as the periderm with specialized characteristics: root, hairs, cuticle |
| what is the role of vascular tissue? | transports materials throughout the plant body |
| compare the xylem and phloem | xylem-conveys water and minerals upward (tracheids and vessel elements) phloem - transports nutrients to roots, growing regions, fruits (sieve tube members and companion cells) |
| describe ground issue | the remianing tissue - pith and cortex |
| compare the pith and cortex | pith - internal to vascular tissue/cortex - external to vascular tissue |
| what is the primary wall? | formed from cellulose and continues to expand as cell grows |
| how does the secondary wall form | once growth is completed, additional material (lignin or suberin) is laid down inside it |
| describe plant cells | strong and rigid, relatively permeable (depending upon nature of secondary wall) |
| how are adjacent cells connected? | by pores called plasmodesmata extending through both cell walss |
| what is the role of plasmodesmata? | provides a direct connection between adjacent cells. allows easy movement of water and other substances |
| do molecules passing through plasmodesmata cross cell membrane? | no. they create a continuum of cell cytoplasm, a route for signal molecules and viruses to pass |
| what are the pits | gaps in secondary walls that leave plasmodesmata unobstructed |
| what are the five types of specialized plant cells? | parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, tracheids, sieve cells |
| describe parenchyma cells | most abundant and versatile. primary cell walls thin/flexible-rarely secondary cell walls. totipotent. comprise most of leaf tissue. photosynthesis. storage cell in roots |
| what does totipotent mean? | they can divide and differentiate int o a complete plant if necessary using asexual reproduction |
| describe collenchyma cells | thicker primary cell walls, still lack secondary cell walls. longer and thinner cell shape. cell walls retain ability to stretch and elongate. important in growing regions of shoots. abundant in elongating stems and stalks |
| what are sclerenchyma cells | secondary cell walls of lignin. supports mature stems after growth has ceased. can be fibers, sclereids, or xylem |
| describe tracheids | tubular elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity. found in all vascular plants. pits occur between adj tracheid cells |
| describe the vessel elements in angiosperms | generally wider, shorter, thinner walled with open perforations to allow free flow |
| compare primary and secondary cell walls of vessel elements | primary facilitates water movement. secondary hardened with lignin to provide extensive support |
Created by:
nkjohnston1424
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