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Biological Molecules
Bio 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | ph from 0-6.9, contribute H+ ions into a solution |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Nucleotides with three phosphate groups. Breakdown of ATP to ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells |
| Base | ph from 7.1-14, remove H+ ions into a solution, hydroxide group attaches to the hydrogen |
| Buffer | A chemical that can resist changes in PH bases-releases h+ ions into the solution acids-absorbs h+ ions into the solution |
| Carbohydrate | CH2O- quick and short term energy source, easily broken down, plants are the source of carbohydrates-formed through condensation/dehydration synthesis |
| Complementary base | Hydrogen bonding between particular bases in DNA-thymine pairs with adenine ang guanine pairs with cytosine in RNA uracil pairs with A and G pairs with C |
| Protein | polymers of amino acid - long term energy source |
| Monosaccharide-Simple Carb | Simple carbohydrate-made of one sugar unit and have fewer than 7 carbons in the ring |
| Disaccharide-Simple Carb | made of 2 monosaccharides. Sucrose is a common example |
| Polysaccharides-Complex Carb | polymers of glucose-some chains can have over 4000 glucose units |
| Starch-Complex Carb | storage form of glucose in plants-many glucose molecules linked together |
| Glycogen-Complex Card | Storage form of glucose in animals-bonded differently so are not digestible by humans- chain is branched |
| Cellulose-Structural cell walls | Long chains wound together, every other sugar molecule is upside down. |
| pH | concentration of H expressed as a logarithm- one unit is a change in 10 times the concentration |
| Amino Acid | Monomer of a protein- contains an amino group (NH2) and an acid group (COOH) |
| Double Helix | Double spiral and describes the three dimensional shape of DNA |
| Hemoglobin | Iron containing pigment in red blood cells that combines with oxygen and transports it |
| Hydrogen bonding | weak bong that comes from a slightly positive h atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another or between parts of the same molecule |
| Hydrolysis | splitting of a compound by the addition of water with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and OH- in the other |
| Lipid | Organic compound thats insoluble in water-fats,oils and steroids |
| Monomer | small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (glucose is a monomer of starch) |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA-has 5 carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group |
| Peptide bond | covalent bons that joins two amino acids |
| Phospholipid | molecule that forms the bilayer of the cells membranes and has apolar hydropholic head bonded to two nonpolar hydrophobic tails |
| Polymer | Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar a phosphate and a nitrogen base-polymer of monomers called amino acids |
| Ribonucleic acid | RNA-functions in synthesis of a protein |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA-codes for the order of amino acids needed to make proteins |
| Primary Structure | lvl of protein organization-shape held together by bonds between r groups chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Tertiary structure | lvl of protein organization- Three dimensional |
| Secondary structure | lvl of protein organization-coiling or folding of the primary structure to form a helix or a pleated sheet held together by hydrogen bonds |
| Steroid | Lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings - cholestrol, progesterone and testosterone |
| Solvent | fluid such as water that dissolves in solutes |
| Saturated fatty acid | Usually of animal origin-hard to break down-ex.butter and lard hard to break down- all single bonded carbons (4) to hydrogen bonds |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Oils usually of plant origin-ex.corn and soybean oil-Has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
| Nitrogenous base | a nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base- owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom |
| R-group | portion of the molecule that varies between the different types is the remainder (r-group) |
| Quaternary structure | 2 or more polypeptides linked together ex.hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains |
| Polypeptide | long, continuous, and unbranched peptide chain |
| Polarity | one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other has a positive charge |
| Organic | study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials |
| Nucleic Acids | large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life ex. DNA and RNA-made from nucleotide monomers |
| Neutral fat | made by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol ex. monoglyceride that has one fatty acid combined with glycerol |
| Dipeptide | molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds |
| Dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules |
Created by:
alubbe
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