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Biology I
Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CYTOSOL | BASIC FEATURES OF ALL CELLS INCLUDE A SEMIFLUID CALLED CYTOSOL |
| NUCLEUS | CONTAINS MOST CELLS GENES AND USUALLY MOST CONSPICUOUS ORGANELLE. |
| NUCLEAR ENVELOPE | ENCLOSES THE NUCLEUS SEPARATING IT FROM THE CYTOPLASM |
| NUCLEAR LAMINA | THE SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS IS MAINTAINED BY THE NUCLEAR LAMINA WHICH IS COMPOSED OF PROTEIN. |
| RIBOSOMES | MADE OF RIBOSOMAL RNA AND PROTEIN |
| CHROMOSOMES | DNA IS ORGANIZED IN DISCRETE UNITS CALLED CHROMOSOMES |
| CHROMATIN | DNA AND PROTEINS OF CHROMOSOMES |
| NUCLEOLUS | LOCATED WITHIN THE NUCLEUS AND IS THE SITE OF RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)SYNTHESIS |
| ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM | NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,GOLGI APPARATUS,LYOSOMES,VACUOLES, AND PLASMA MEMBRANE. THE COMPONENTS ARE EITHER CONTINUOUS OR CONNECTED VIA TRANSFER BY VESICLES. |
| BASIC FEATURES OF A CELL | PLASMA MEMBRANE, SEMIFLUID SUBSTANCE CALLED CYTOSOL,CHROMOSOMES ( CARRY GENES), RIBOSOMES ( MAKE PROTEIN) |
| WHICH DOMAIN DOES THE BACTERIA OR ARCHAEA COME FROM | PROKARYOTIC |
| WHICH DOMAIN DOES PROTIST, FUNGI, ANIMALS, AND PLANTS COME FROM. | EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| NO NUCLEUS, DNA IN AN UNBOUNDED REGION CALLED NUCLEOID,NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLE, CYTOPLASM BOUNDED BY PLASMA MEMBRANE. | PROKARYOTIC |
| A SELECTIVE BARRIER THAT ALLOWS SUFFICIENT PASSAGE OF OXYGEN, NUTRUIENTS, AND WASTE TO SERVICE OF THE VOLUME OF EVERY CELL. THIS STRUCTURE IS A DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS. | PLASMA MEMBRANE |
| WHERE DOES THE RIBOSOMES CARRY OUT THE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INTO 2 LOCATIONS? | IN THE CYTOSOL ( FREE RIBOSOMES), ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM OR THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ( BOUND RIBOSOMES) |
| FUNCTIONS OF SMOOTH ER | SYNTHESIZES LIPIDS,METABOLIZES CARBOHYDRATES, DETOXIFIES DRUG AND POISONS, STORES CALCIUM IONS |
| FUNCTIONS OF A ROUGH ER | HAS BOUND RIBOSOMES, WHICH SECRETE GLYCOPROTEINS ( PROTEINS COVALENTLY BONDED TO CARBOHYDRATES, DISTRIBUTES TRANSPORT VESICLES, PROTEIN SURROUNDED BY MEMBRANES, AND IS A MEMBRANE FACTORY FOR THE CELL. |
| GOLGI APPARATUS | CONSISTS OF FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS SACS CALLED CISTERNAE |
| FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS | MODIFIES PRODUCTS OF THE ER, MANUFACTURES CERTAIN MACROMOLECULES, SORTS AND PACKAGES MATERIALS INTO TRANSPORT VESICLES |
| A MEMBRANOUS SAC OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES THAT CAN DIGEST MACROMOLESCULES. HYDROLZE PROTEINS, FAT, POLYSACCHARIDES, AND A NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND WORKS BEST IN THE ACIDIC ENVIROMENT INSIDE THE LYOSOME. | LYOSOME |
| SOME TYPE OF CELL CAN ENGULF ANOTHER CELL WHICH FORMS A FOOD VACUOLE | PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| FOUND IN MANY FRESHWATER PROTIST, PUMP EXCESS WATER OUT OF CELLS | CONTRACTILE VACUOLES |
| FOUND IN MANY MATURE PLANT CELLS, HOLD ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND WATER. | CENTRAL VACUOLES |
| VACUOLES | A PLANT CELL OR FUNGAL CELL MAY HAVE ONE OR SEVERAL VACUOLES, DERIVED FROM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI APPARATUS. |
| ARE THE SITES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATIONS A METABOLIC PROCESS THAT USES OXYGEN TO GENERATE ATP | MITOCHONDRIA |
| FOUND IN PLANTS AND ALGAE , ARE THE SITES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS | CHLOROPLAST |
| OXIDATIVE ORGANELLES | PEROXISOMES |
| CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF A MITOCHONDRIAN | IN NEARLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS, SMOOTH OUTER LAYER MEMBRANE AND INNER MEMBRANE FOLDED INTO A CRISTAE. INNER MEMBRANE CONTAINS 2 COMPARTMENTS :INTERMEMBRANE SPACE AND MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX. CRISTAE REPRESENTS SURFACE AREA FOR ENZYMES THAT SYNTHESIZES ATP. |
| WHAT DOES CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURES INCLUDE? | THYLAKOIDS, MEMBRANOUS SACS, STATCKED TO FORM A GRANUM. STROMA THE INTERNAL FLUID AND PLASTIDS. |
| WHAT IS A PLASTIDS? | THE CHLOROPLAST IS ONE OF THE GROUP OF PLANT ORGANELLES |
| WHAT IS PEROXISOMES? | SPECIALIZED METABOLIC COMPARTMENTS BOUNDED BY A SINGLE CELL. PRODUCE HRDROGEN PEROXIDE AND CONVERT IT TO WATER. IYT PERFORMS REACTIONS WITH MANY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS |
| WHAT IS CYTOSKELETON? | NETWORKS OF FIBERS THAT ORGANIZES STRUCTURES AND ACTIVITIES IN THE CELL. IT EXTENDS THROUGHOUT THE CYTOPLASM |
| WHAT 3 MOLECULAR STRUCTURES IS THE CYTOSKELETON COMPOSED OF? | -MICROTUBULES: THE THICKEST. -MICROFILAMENTS:ACTIN FILAMENTS AND THE THINNEST -INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS:FIBERS WITH DIAMETERS IN MIDDLE RANGE. |
| WHAT IS A MICROTUBULES? | THE HOLLOW RODS ABOUT 25 NM IN DIAMETER AND ABOUT 200 NM TO 25 MICRONS LONG. |
| FUNCTIONS OF MICROTUBULES? | -SHAPING THE CELL -GUIDING MOVEMENTS OF ORGANELLES. -SEPARATING CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION |
| WHAT IS A CENTROSOMES? | IN MANY CELLS, MICROTUBULES GROW OUT FROM THE CENTROSOMES NEAR THE NUCLEUS. -IT IS THE MICROTUBULE-ORGANIZING CENTER -IN ANIMAL CELLS THE CENTROSOMES HAS A PAIR OF CENTRIOLES EACH WITH NINE TRIPLETS OF MICROTUBULES ARRANGED IN A RING. |
| CILIA AND FLAGELLA | MICROTUBULES CONTROL THE BEATING OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA, LOCOMOTOR APPENDAGES OF SOME CELLS. -THE CILIA AND FLAGELLA DIFFER IN THIER BEATING PATTERNS. |
| WHAT IS THE CILIA AND FLAGELLA COMMON STRUCTURE | A CORE MICROTUBULES SHEATHED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE -A BASAL BODY THAT ANCHORS THE CILIUM OR FLAGELLUM -A MOTOR PROTEIN CALLED DYNEIN |
| WHAT IS DYNEIN | DRIVES BENDING MOVEMENTS OF CILLUM OR FLAGELLUM. |
| HOW DYNEIN "WALKING" MOVES FLAGELLA AND CILIA? | DYNEIN ARMS ALTERNATELY GRAP, MOVE, AND RELEASE THE OUTER MICROTUBULES -PROTEINS CROSS-LINKS LIMIT SLIDING -FORCES EXERTED BY DYNEIN ARMS CAUSE DOUBLETS TO CURVE, BENDING THE CILIUM OR FLAGELLUM. |
| WHAT IS A MICROFILAMENTS? | -ARE SOLID RODS ABOUT 7 NM, BUILT AS TWISTED DOUBLE CHAINS OF ACTIN SUBUNITS-IT IS TO BEAR TENSION, RESISTING PULLING FORCES FROM THE CELL -FORM 3D NETWORK CALLED CORTEX JUST INSIDE THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO HELP SUPPORT THE CELL SHAPE- |
| WHAT IS MICROFILAMENTS II | -BUNDLES OF IT MAKE UP THE CORE OF MICROVILLI AND INTESTINAL CELLS. -SOME THAT FUNCTION IN CELLULAR MOTILITY CONTAIN PROTEIN MYOSIN IN ADDITION TO ACTIN.-IN MUCLES CELLS 1000'S OF ACTIN ARE ARRANGED PARALLEL TO ONE ANOTHER. |
| WHAT IS PSEUDOPODIA? | IT IS AN EXTENDED AND CONTRACT THROUGH THE REVERSIBLE ASSEMBLY AND CONTRACTION OF ACTIN SUBUNITS INTO MICROFILAMENTS |
| WHAT IS CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING? | A CIRCULAR FLOW OF CYTOPLASM WITHIN CELLS. -STREAMING SPEEDS DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS WITHIN CELLS -PLANT CELLS,ACTIN-MYOSININTERACTIONS AND SOLGEL TRANSFORMATION DRIVE CYTOPLASM STREAMING |
| WHAT IS INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS | RANGE IN DIAMETER FROM 8-12 NANOMETERS LARGER THAN MICROFILAMENTS BUT SMALLER THAN MICROTUBULES. -SUPPORT CELL SHAPE AND FIX ORGANELLES IN PLACE -MORE PERMANENT CYTOSKELETON FIXTURES THAN THE OTHER 2 CLASSES. |
| WHAT ARE EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES INCLUDE? | -CELL WALL PLANTS -THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) OF ANIMAL CELL -INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS |
| WHAT ARE THE PLANT CELL WALL MULTIPLE LAYERS? | -PRIMARY CELL WALL: RELATIVELY THIN AND FLEXIBLE -MIDDLE IAMELLA: THIN LAYER BETWEEN PRIMARY WALLS OF ADJACENT CELLS -SECONDARY CELL WALL: ADDED BETWEEN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND THE PRIMARY CELL WALL-PLASMODESMATA ARE CHANNELS BETWEEN ADJACENT PLANT CELL |
| WHAT IS THE ECM MADE OF? | -COLLAGEN -PROTEOGLYCANS -FIBROECTIN |
| ANIMAL CELLS LACK CELLS WALL BUT ARE COVERED BY AN ELABORATE? | EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) |
| WHAT IS A INTEGRINS? | ECM PROTEIN BIND TO RECEPTOR PROTEINS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. |
| WHAT IS THE CELL WALL? | IT IS AN EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURE THAT DISTINGUISHES PLANT CELLS FROM ANIMAL CELLS -PROTECTS THE PLANT CELLS, MAINTAINS ITS SHAPE, AND PREVENT EXCESSIVE UPTAKE OF WATER -THEY ARE MADE OF CELLULOSE FIBERS EMBEDDED IN OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES AND PROTEIN. |
| WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS? | -PLASMODESMATA -TIGHT JUNCTIONS -DESMOSOMES -GAP JUNCTIONS |
| WHAT ARE CELL JUNCTIONS? | NEIGHBORING CELLS IN TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OFTEN ADHERE, INTERACT, AND COMMUNICATE THROUGH DIRECT PHYSICAL CONTACT. -INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS FACILITATE THIS CONTACT |
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ECM? | -SUPPORT -ADHESION -MOVEMENT -REGULATION |
| WHAT IS A PLASMODESMATA? | THEY ARE CHANNELS THAT PERFORATE PLANT CELL WALLS. -THROUGH PLASMODESMATA WATER AND SMALL ( AND SOMETIMES PROTEIN AND RNA) SOLUTES CAN PASS FROM CELL TO CELL. |
| WHAT IS A TIGHT JUNCTION? | MEMBRANES OF NEIGHBORING CELLS ARE PRESSED TOGETHER, PREVENTING LEAKAGE OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID. |
| WHAT IS DESMOSOMES? | (ANCHORING JUNCTIONS) FASTEN CELLS TOGETHER INTO STRONG SHEETS |
| WHAT IS A GAP JUNCTIONS? | (COMMUNICATING JUNCTIONS) PROVIDE CYTOPLASMIC CHANNELS BETWEEN ADJACENT CELLS. |
| WHAT DOES CELLS RELY ON? | INTEGRATION OF STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLES IN ORDER TO FUNCTION. |
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Ndupoux01
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