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Max's Cardiology 101
Intro to CVDs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absolute risk | The risk of a person developing certain conditions or diseases over their lifetime. An individuals risk can be expressed in a variety of ways: a 1 in 10 risk can also be written as a 10% risk or as a risk of 0.1. |
| angina pectoris | A crushing pain or feeling of constriction in the chest that usually lasts for several minutes, caused by ischaemia in the heart muscle. |
| antioxidants | Molecules that slow or prevent the oxidation of other molecules. They protect cells from damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. Examples of antioxidants include beta-carotene and vitamins C, E and A. |
| arrhythmia | An uncontrolled, disordered or irregular heart beat. |
| atherosclerosis | A type of arteriosclerosis involving the gradual restriction of blood flow by the build-up of fat and plaques on artery walls. Also known as hardened/furred-up arteries; affects the major blood vessels, eg. coronary, cerebral and peripheral arteries. |
| blood pressure | A measure of the force generated by the heartbeat pressing blood against the artery walls as it pumps around the body. A measurement shows the higher systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and the lower diastolic pressure (when the heart relaxes). |
| cardiology | The medical study of the heart. |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | The immediate first aid treatment given when the heart stops beating, which aims to circulate oxygenated blood to the brain by keeping the heart beating artificially. |
| cardiovascular system | The heart and associated blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. |
| cholesterol | A substance whose structure is functionally similar to fatty acids, so it can sit in cell membranes in a similar way to them. The liver can synthesise this but most is derived from the diet. |
| congenital heart defects | Heart structure problems that are the consequence of abnormal development before birth. They may become apparent at birth and need surgical or other types of intervention. Examples include problems with the heart valves or heart beat rhythm. |
| congestive heart failure | A type of chronic heart failure which results in fluid accumulation in the lungs (leading to shortness of breath) and the limbs (leading to peripheral swelling or oedema). |
| coronary heart disease (CHD) | The most common form of heart disease - a reduction in the blood supply to the heart muscle by narrowing/blockage of coronary arteries. Common effects are atherosclerosis, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, leading to acute heart failure. |
| defibrillator | Equipment used to restart the heart. |
| diabetes mellitus | A condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than it should be for a healthy individual. If it remains that way, over time, it will cause numerous medical problems, including cardiovascular diseases. |
| diacylglycerols | Lipids in which one of the three fatty acids has been substituted with a completely different type of molecule generically called a head group. Such lipids therefore contain only two acyl groups. |
| epidemiologists | Investigators who study epidemiology. |
| epidemiology | The study of factors affecting the distribution and causes of diseases in populations. Highly regarded in evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice. |
| essential fatty acids | Fatty acids that cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore must be obtained from the diet. |
| HDL | High-density lipoprotein. The classification of lipoproteins by density reflects their lipid and protein composition. This is the most dense category because HDLs contain proportionally the most protein. Described in the popular media as good cholesterol. |
| heart attack | The common name for acute heart failure. Not to be confused with myocardial infarction or heart failure, which are terms often used interchangeably with heart attack. |
| heart failure | A medical condition resulting from heart disease and which is often misunderstood. It describes when the organ cannot pump properly and is unable to generate blood flow sufficient to meet the demands of the body. |
| hormone | A chemical messenger that travels via the blood. Produced in the body (some are secreted by special glands) to control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. |
| hypertension | High blood pressure. Classified as essential (primary) or secondary. 'Essential' indicates that no specific cause can explain a patients condition. 'Secondary' indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of another condition, eg. kidney disease. |
| ischaemia | An inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body, caused by constriction or blockage of the blood vessels supplying it. |
| LDL | Low-density lipoprotein. LDLs contain a larger proportion of lipids than HDLs do, but not as much as VLDLs. Together with VLDL, LDL is described in the popular media as bad cholesterol. |
| lipids | Fats which are important components of living tissues, and which are used by the body for making cell membranes and for storing energy. |
| lipoproteins | Large and complex combos of lipids with specific types of proteins. They link up lipids and prevent them from sticking to other molecules while moving through blood. Classified according to their density, which reflects their lipid/protein composition. |
| monounsaturated fats | Lipids composed of fatty acids with one double bond (joining two carbon atoms) in the molecule, with all of the other bonds being single bonds. Found in natural foods such as nuts and avocados, and are the main component of olive oil. |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Occurs when blood supply to part of the heart is cut off. If blood flow is not restored, that part will die, causing disability/death. It is the main cause of acute heart failure. regularly referred to as a heart attack, although the terms are different. |
| National Service Frameworks | Long-term strategies usually set by official bodies such as Departments of Health within each country for improving specific areas of care. They set measurable goals within set time frames. |
| oedema | The medical term for fluid retention in the body. The build-up of fluid causes affected tissue to become swollen. |
| palpitations | A distinct heart beat which can be felt, and which may be normal, faster or slower than usual. |
| placebo | A dummy pill with no active ingredient. |
| polyunsaturated fats | Lipids composed of fatty acids with two or more double bonds (joining carbon atoms) in the molecule. Replacing all but one double bond with a single bond would produce a monounsaturated fat, and replacing the remaining one would produce a saturated fat. |
| pulmonary | Of or relating to the lungs. |
| relative risk | The risk/probability of an event occurring in an exposed group versus a (non-exposed) group, eg. the risk of CVDs in smokers relative to the risk of CVDs in nonsmokers and comparing two probabilities. |
| saturated fats | Lipids composed of saturated fatty acids. They are the main dietary factors in raising levels of blood cholesterol. The main sources of these in the typical Western diet are foods from animals and some plants. |
| strokes | The collective name given to a blocked or burst blood vessel(s) in the brain. The severity can vary according to the area of brain affected. Can kill or cause major disability, although full recovery is possible. |
| trans fatty acids | The common name for a type of unsaturated fat that occurs, in small quantities, in meat and dairy products. Most are industrially created as a side effect of hydrogenation of plant oils. Increases the risk of coronary heart disease. |
| triacylglycerol | A general fat (lipid) formed by three saturated fatty acids linked together by a molecule of glycerol. |
| unsaturated fats | Lipids in which some or all of the fatty acids are unsaturated. |
| vascular | A word used to describe blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
| VLDL | Very low-density lipoprotein. This is the least dense category because VLDLs contain proportionally the most lipids. Together with LDL, VLDL is described in the popular media as bad cholesterol. |
| risk factor: age (increasing) | BIOLOGICAL: NON-MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: risk factor: male | BIOLOGICAL: NON-MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: family history | BIOLOGICAL: NON-MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: race/ethnicity | BIOLOGICAL: NON-MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: diabetes (type 1) | BIOLOGICAL: NON-MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: high blood cholesterol | BIOLOGICAL: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: high blood pressure | BIOLOGICAL: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: overweight/obese | BIOLOGICAL: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: diabetes (type 2) | BIOLOGICAL: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: stress/depression/anger | BIOLOGICAL: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: smoking | LIFESTYLE: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: unhealthy or unbalanced diet | LIFESTYLE: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: sedentary lifestyle/lack of exercise | LIFESTYLE: MODIFIABLE |
| risk factor: excessive alcohol consumption | LIFESTYLE: MODIFIABLE |
Created by:
maxchan666
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