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Micro Biology
Chapter 11,12, 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is atmospheric nitrogen easily absorbed in soil and used by plants? | no |
| which form of nitrogen is used by plants? | nitrates and nitrites |
| Azospirillum is associated with which plants? | corn, grasses. sugar cane |
| which bacterium produces acetic acid? | Acetobacter |
| Acetobacter is used in which products? | Coffee and tea |
| which fruits carry Acetobacter naturally? | Mango's and banana's |
| Rickettsia function as successful pathogens because they are? | introcellular parasites |
| Do Rickettsia avoid or induce phagocytosis? | induce |
| Why do most Rickettsia infections result in a spotted rash? | They destroy capillaries |
| Q Fever is caused by? | Coxiella |
| Typhus and Rocky Mt fever are caused by? | Rickettsia |
| Rickettsia are transmitted through tick bites. | True |
| Coxiella was once thought to be a Rickettsia | True |
| Caulobacter has a unique structure called a? | Prostheca |
| Which bacterium is an intracellular pathogen that perfers white blood cells? | Ehrlichia |
| Is Ehrlichia tick-transmitted to humans? | yes |
| Which bacterium lives in low nutrient levels? | Caulobacter |
| what happens to the size of the stalk as nutrient availability is low? | It enlongates with low nutrients |
| Rhizobia include ___ and are found in ___? | Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium/ peas and beans |
| Rhizobia are: | Associated with legume roots |
| What plants are called legumes? | Ti Plasmids |
| Cat scratch disease is caused by? | Bartonella |
| Is bartonella bacteria transmitted through insect vectors? | yes |
| Which bacterium causes gall disease in plants?> | Agrobacterium |
| which bacterium is naturally and strongly associated with nodules in root systems? | Rhizobium |
| The condition elephantiasis can be caused by? | Wolbachia |
| Thiobacillus functions in? | Sulfur recycling |
| Bacteria that are well known in synthesizing sheaths and causing bulking in sewage? | Sphearotilus |
| whooping cough (pertussis) is caused by | Bordetella |
| Gonorrhea and one type of meningitis are caused by? | Neisseria |
| A widely studied pathogen diplococcus is | Neisseria |
| Sphaerotilus has unique filaments structures | Sheaths |
| What are sheath structures used for? | Protection and nutrient storage |
| which bacterium is used successfully in sewage treatment | Zoogloea |
| What characteristic of burkholderia causes cystic fibrosis patients to become infected with burholderia more often than other patients? | They can metabolize mucous secretions |
| burkholderia can metabolize more than 100 different molecules | true |
| a human pathogen that requires rich tissue extracts and sometimes blood,and causes a form of pneumonia | Franscisellawha |
| which bacterium can survive refrigerator temps and is responsible for food spoilage and may produce green pigment in culture? | Pseudomonas |
| what damage can pseudomonas cause in soil in plants? | Destroys Nitrogen |
| which bacterium causes pneumonia and survives in hospitals cooling systems and warm water baths? | Legionella |
| what other bacterium is found in hospital settings and can cause respiratory illness? | Serratia and enterobacter |
| which bacterium causes a conjunctivitis infection? | Moraxella |
| Cholera is caused by | Vibrio |
| Which food items are more likely to cause gastroenteritis with vibrio? | Raw shell fish |
| what food items are more likely to cause gastroenteritis with E. Coli? | Vegetables |
| Is E. Coli competitive for nutrients with other bacterias? | yes |
| What helps E. Coli in being successful in colonization? | Bacteriocins |
| What is an Enterotoxin? | Toxin that affects the gastrointestinal cells therefore causing diarrhea and cramps |
| what does the O and the H stand for in E. Coli O157H7 strain? | O is the Antigen on the capsule and H is the Antigen on the Flagella |
| Black Death is caused by? insect vectors? Rodent vectors? | Yersinia. Yes and Yes |
| Peptic ulcers are caused by? | Helicobacter |
| What symptoms do E. Coli. shigella and salmonella cause | cause diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and sometimes fever |
| what is the difference between dysentery and gastroenteritis? | dysentery is diarrhea with bloody material, gastroenteritis is just cramps, vomiting, and watery diarrhea |
| what is an opportunistic organism? | is one that lives normally on one part of our bodies causing no disease, but when relocated to another location of the body it becomes harmful |
| Salmonella survives in animals, shigella does not | True |
| how many different serotypes does salmonella enterica have? | 2,400 different serotypes of salmonella |
| what do many bacteria have ono their walls, flagella and capsules | antigens |
| how can we identify them more easily? | The antigens |
| which bacterium is known for a green pigment? which bacterium is golden? | Pseudomonas. Staph |
| which bacterium is known for a red pigment? | Serratia |
| does serratia survive on catheters? does it cause UTI's? Respiratory infections? | yes for all |
| Urinary tract infections can be caused by a species of | Pseudomonas and proteus |
| Which bacterium is responsible for multiple infections (like pneumonia, bronchitis, earahces..) | Haemophilus |
| what two blood factors are necessary for Haemophilus? | V and X factors |
| Which bacterium is deadly in animals and causes sepsis (also found in Komodo Dragons)? | Pasteurella |
| Campylobactor causes infections that affect the | digestive system |
| which bacterium is characterized by slime and fruiting bodies? what factor differentiate and "fruit"? | Myxococcus. nutrient deficiency |
| Anthrax is caused by | Bacillus |
| which food items can one species of Bacillus cerus colonize? | Rice |
| another Bacillus species produces crystals that are useful in insecticides. this is | Bacillus Thuringiensis |
| Does Bacillus form endospores and produce toxins? | Yes |
| which bacterium lyses blood cells | Streptococcus |
| can Streptococcus lyse blood? | yes |
| can staphylococcus lyse blood | no |
| what do a-hemolytic strep do to blood agar? | Digest blood-clear agar |
| what do non-hemolytic strep do? | partially digest blood-green agar |
| Hemolytic strep species are | Strep pyogenes, aggaloactiae |
| non primary cause of dental strep carries are | Strep mutans |
| Bacterium that is used in dairy industry but certain species cause infections | Lactobacillus |
| is Lactobacillus competitive? | acid factors that alter lactobacilli:hormones |
| what does it produce to inhibit other bacteria from growing? | chemicals |
| is lactobacillus normal flora? | yes |
| Botulism and Tetanus are caused by | Clostridium |
| which bacterium survives in refrigeration temps and can be cause still births in pregnant women? | Listeria |
| Nocardia causes | Pulmonary infections |
| Is norcadia an acid-fast bacterium? | yes |
| Mycobacterium strains causes | Tuberculosis and leprocy |
| Mycoplasma which sounds like mycobacterium, causes mainly | gastrointestinal infections and UTI's |
| can Mycobacteria strain with gram stain? | no it has mycolic acids |
| Name two diseases that are caused by Mycobacterial species | Leprocy and Tuberculosis |
| which bacterium causes acne | propionibacterium |
| which bacterium causes diphtheria | Corynebacterium |
| Gardnerella causes | Vaginitis |
| which bacterium found naturally in soil and is used for antibiotic production? what causes the musty odor after rain? | Streptomyces. geosmin |
| which two bacteria can cause destruction of tissue (hands and feet or neck and head) | Actinomyces and norcardia |
| which disease is Chlamydia and Chlamydophila responsible for | Pneumonia, STDs, Trachoma |
| Syphlis is caused by | Treponema |
| Lyme disease is cause by | Borrelia |
| Leptospira survives in | animal urine |
| A bacterium that can digest cellulose is | cytophaga |
| This bacterium is found in fecal material (1 billion cells in 1 gram feces) | Bacteriodes |
| Bacteriodes can cause | Peritonitis and wound infections |
| Klebsiella and pasteurella both cause | Pneumonia |
| can certain bacteria be predators on other bacteria? | Yes |
| Biofilm bacteria: | Burkholderia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Legionella, Serratia, Staph, Enterococcus |
| Fuscobacterium is responsible for | tooth decay |
| what happens when a bacterium encounters large molecules? | Enzymes are secreted |
| what molecules does a bacterium need to completely metabolize nutrients? | Enzymes |
| Azospirillum functions in | Sulfur recycling |
| List three beneficial uses for fungi | help root systems absorb nutrients from soil, used in food, and drugs |
| list three groups of fungi | Fleshy fungi and molds, yeast and dimorphic fungi |
| what are the nutritional requirements for fungal growth? (compared to bacteria) PH? Temp? Moisture? Nitrogen? | Ph-5 Temp- 25 degree Celsius below, moiture - low Nitrogen-low |
| Aspergillus is a | Mold |
| Saccharomyces is a | Yeast |
| Mucor is an example or | Dimorphic fungus |
| Mycosis refers to a __ infection | Fungal |
| Coccidioidomycosis is a __mycosis | Systemic |
| Histoplasmosis is a __mycosis | Systemic |
| most systemic fungi disease are caused by __of (with spores | Inhalation/ingestion |
| Sporotrichosis is an example of__mycosis | Subcutaneous |
| can fungi break down kertin? which molecule do the use to accomplish this? | Yes. Kertinase |
| What are the skin, nail and hair infecting fungi called? | Dermatophytes |
| Lichen are indicators of | pollution |
| Lichens are not fungi but a symbiotic organism of both fungi and __? they grown on__? there are __ types and they produce __ to dissolve rocks for soil enrichment. | algae.. Trees and rocks. 3 types acids |
| The body of a fungus is called a | Thallmus |
| the segments of the fungal body are called | Hyphae |
| Septate hyphae have __ nucleus (nuclei) | one |
| Coenocytic hyphae have ___nucleus (nuclei) | many |
| Asexual spores in fungi are produces by an extending hypha | True |
| sexual spores are produces by a + hypha uniting with a - hypha | True |
| what factors determine the mold and yeast phases of a dimorphic fungus? | Temp and CO2 |
| Fermentation is the breakdown of carbohydrates in the absence of O2. the products could be acid and gas, alcohol and gas or just acid | true |
| What are Dermatophytes? Dermatophyte fungi can break down____in the skin. | an enzyme that breaks down keratin in hair, skin and nails... keratin |
| Algin is produced from | Brown Algae |
| Carageenan is produced from | Red Algae |
| Are Algae edible? why could algae be poisonous? | yes. some produce toxins |
| Algin and carageenan are used in__ | Ice cream |
| Red tides are caused by | Dinoflagellated |
| Silica is a product of? What are fossil fuels? | Diatoms. natural gases |
| Ciguatera disease is caused by | Dinoflagellated |
| which food items can contain diatoms and dinoflagellates? (toxins) | Mussels and Clams |
| The Ciguatera toxin affect the | Nervous system |
| Water molds are fungi | False |
| what are Algal pneumatocysts? | they are bulbs that can fill up with air that allows them to float and can deflate to sink. |
| Domoic acid is found in ___ and causes | Diatoms and causes diarrhae |
| Alexandrinium and Gymnodinium are | Dinoflagellates |
| Gracilaria is a ___. Laminaria is a ___. | Red algae/ brown algae |
| Phytophthora is a _____that can infect.. | Water mold.. cocoa, soy, vegs, fruits |
| Trichomonas is a | Protozoan |
| Trichomonas can be found to infect the | Urinary system |
| Giardia which belongs to the same family as Trichomonas can be found in contaiminated water | True |
| Protozoan cysts be found mainly in | Feces |
| Most protozoans live and grown in the human | Digestive and Urinary system |
| Malaria is caused by | Plasmodium |
| Ticks can transfer__ to humans and induce fever and anemia | Babesia |
| which protozoan is found in cat feces? | Toxoplasma |
| Which protozoan is found in sheep, rodent and dog feces? | Cryptosporidium |
| Cryptosporidium mainly infects the | Digestive system |
| cryptosporidium is a __ and cryptococcus is a ___ | Protozoan, fungus |
| Sleeping sickness and Chaga's disease are caused by | Trypanosoma |
| Which amoeba causes blindness | Acanthamoeba |
| Can amoebas cause dysentery and brain infections? | Yes |
| Slime molds are two types:_____and ____ | Cellular and plamodial |
| Tapeworms are transfered to humans by the egg, larval stage or adult stage | True |
| Which Nematode worm can be absorbed through the human skin at the larval stage | Necator |
| Which animals can transfer helminths to humans? | Cattle, pig, dogs, coyotes, deer,and fish |
| Taenia is a? Tinea is a? Taenia is a? | Helminth,ringworm, and tapeworm |
| Schistosoma and paragonimus are | Flukes |
| Echinococcus is a | Tapeworm |
| Enterobius and Ascaris are | Roundworms |
| Trichinella is a | Roundworm |
| Helminths can encyst in lung, intestine, and muscle | true |
| Which molecule does urease enzyme break down? | urea |
| Urease positive tests would conclude bacteria can cause more UTI's? | Yes |
| Which bacterium is always fast growing on urea media and urease positive? | Proteus Vulgaris |
| DNA Viruses can contain only double stranded DNA? | False |
| RNA viruses contain only single stranded RNA | False |
| DNA viruses are | Adenoviruses, Poxviruses,Herpesviruses, Papovaviruses, Hepadnaviruses |
| RNA viruses are | Reoviruses, Retroviruses, Togaviruses, Picaornaviruses, Rhabdoviruses |
| all herpes virus types are DNA viruses | true |
| Are all Hepatitis Viruses DNA viruses? | no |
| Chicken pox and Roseola are caused by | Herpesvirus |
| Mononucleosis and Cytomegalovirus are caused by | Herpesvirus |
| Warts are caused by | Papovavirus |
| Hepatitis B is caused by | Hepadna virus |
| Polio is caused by | Picornavirus |
| Hepatitis A is caused by | Picornavirus |
| Hepatitis E is caused by | Calciviridae |
| Enteroviruses and Rhinovirus are | Picornavirus |
| Rubella is caused by | Togaviruses |
| HIV is caused by | Retroviruses |
| Rabies is caused by | Rhabdoviruses |
| What system of the human body do adenoviruses infect? what is reverse transcriptase? | Respiratory. is when an Enzyme makes a copy from RNA into DNA |
| What are prions? | are protein segments that cause spongiform neurlogical encephalopathies |
| what are viroids? | short pieces of naked RNA |
| Mad cow disease is caused by a? | Prion |
| Cold sores are caused by___viruses but warts are caused by ___viruses | Herpesviruses,papovavirus |
| Rhinoviruses infect which systems? | Respiratory |
| Hemorrhagic fevers are mainly caused by DNA or RNA viruses? | RNA viruses |
| Name three oncogneic DNA viruses and three oncogenic RNA viruses | DNA- Adrnoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses RNA-Retroviruses,Rhabdoviruses, Picornaviruses |
| What makes RNA viruses so virulent? | RNA viruses are usually faster, RNA is less stable inside the infected cell, and they can't wait for the cell to mount its anti-viral response.RNA viruses are often lytic, destroying the cell they infected, causing damage and disease in the body. |
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