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Biology Of Animalst2
TEST 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolic Pathways | chemical reactions in a cell occur in chains of linked events.... which assemble or disassemble the key macromolecules of life |
| Enzymes | are biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions by acting as biological catalysts |
| Energy | is the capacity of any object to do work and can be found in every atom, molecule, particle, and object |
| Work | defined as the capacity to bring about a change in a defined system |
| Potential energy | is the energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position |
| Chemical energy | is the form of potential energy stored in atoms because of their position in relation to other atoms |
| Kinetic energy | is the energy a system possesses as a consequence of its state of motion |
| The laws of thermodynamics.... | - The universe contains a fixed amount of energy - Energy can be converted from one form to another - Energy can be neither created nor destroyed |
| The First law of thermodynamics- | States that the total energy of any closed system remains the same over time - energy is neither created nor destroyed |
| The Second law of thermodynamics- | States that the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized over time |
| Photosynthesis | is the metabolic pathway that uses light energy from the sun to make sugar molecules |
| Cellular respiration | is the breakdown of food molecules to release energy |
| Metabolism | refers to all the chemical reactions within a living cell that capture, store, or use energy |
| Living cells require two main types of metabolism | Catabolism Anabolism |
| ATP fuels a variety of cellular acti | is the generation of daughter cells from a parent cell |
| Asexual Reproduction | results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| Sexual Reproduction | combines genetic information from two individuals of opposite mating types to produce offspring |
| Binary Fission | Many prokaryotes reproduce asexually through this |
| Mitotic division | is the process that generates two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell in eukaryotes |
| Mitotic Division | The nucleus divides- mitosis Division of the Cytoplasm- Cytokinesis |
| Meiosis | is specialized form of cell division that makes sexual reproduction |
| Gametes | Meiosis in female animals |
| Somatic Cell | A gamete that has half the amount of genetic information as a body cell |
| Cell Cycle | refers to the life of the cell from origin to time of division |
| Germ line cells | a small group of gamete- producing cells |
| Interphase | the cell cycle is divided into two main stages, INTERPHASE* and cell division |
| Fertilization | is the merging of male and female gametes to produce a zygote |
| Interphase is divided into three main phases: | G1, S1, G2 |
| Karyotype | the display of all chromosomes in somatic cell |
| Centromere | the identical sister chromatids are held together at a region |
| Chromosomes | Chromatin further compacted to form |
| Chromatin | Each DNA double helix packaged with special proteins to form long strands |
| Centromere | identical sister chromatids are held together at a region |
| Humans have how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| Homologous chromosomes | Most eukaryotes carry two copies of each chromosome |
| Sex chromosomes | One set of chromosomes |
| Mitosis Can be divided into 4 main phases: | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids are sperated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the progressive shortening of the microtubles |
| Meiosis I | reduces the number of chromosomes by separating homologous pairs |
| Meiosis II | seperates sister chromomatids into two different daugther cells |
| Terad | Consist of one replicated maternal chromosome and one replicated paternal chromosome... TOTAL OF 4 |
| Crossing Over | THe physical exchange of chromosomal segments between non siter chromatids in paired off paternal and maternal homologous |
| Independent Assortment | is the random distribution of different homologous chromosome pairs into daughter cells during meiosis I |
| Unipotent Stem Cells | are adult stem cells that give rise to only one specialized cell type |
| Multiponent Stem Cells | are adult stem cells that give rise to only one specialized cell type |
| Totipotent Stem Cells | can give rise to any cell type in the organism (extraembryonic) |
| Unipotent Stem Cells | are adults stem cells that give rise to only one specialized cell type |
| MORE THAN HALF OF ALL CANCERS INDICATE A LOSS OF p53 ACTIVITY IN TUMOR CELLS | MORE THAN HALF OF ALL CANCERS INDICATE A LOST OF P53 ACTIVITY IN TUMOR CELLS |
| CARNINOGENS ARE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS | CARNINOGENS ARE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS |
| Two unavoidable risk factors include.. | inherited genes AND aging |
| DNA | is a nucleic acid composed of two strands of polynucleotides twisted to form a double helix |
| Genome | All DNA based information in the nucleoid or nucleus or an organism |
| Gene | is a segment of DNA that codes for at least one distinct genetic trait |
| RNA | is a single stranded nucleic acid |
| Translation | the process by which ribosomes convert the genetic information in mRNA into proteins is known as. |
| Gene expression | is the manifestation of the information encoded in a gene as a specific trait |
| Messenger RNA (mrna) | delivers the genetic information, or instructions from DNA to the ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | where proteins are made |
| Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogenous bases | Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine |
| Base Pair | is the term for two bases held together by hydrogen bonds in DNA molecule |
| DNA replication | involves unwinding a dna double helix and using each strand as a template for a new, complementary strand |
| DNA polymerase | over a dozen other enzymes and proteins are required to successfully replicate a single strand of dan |
| Mutation | a change to the sequence of bases in a organisms DNA that is not corrected |
| Nutagens | are substances or energy sources that can cause mutations |
| Noncoding DNA | is DNA that does not code for any kind of functional RNA |
| Spacer DNA | noncoding DNA that separates one gene from another |
Created by:
murphy1717
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