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Biomed Exam 2
Biomedical Science Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the types of cell junctions? | tight junction, aheren's junction, desmosomes, hemidesmosome, gap junction, junctional complex |
| what are tight junctions? | fluid tight seals between adjacent cells common in epithelium lining of organs you do not want leaking |
| what organs are tight junctions found? | stomach, intestine, urinary bladder |
| What is aherens Junction? | no fusion of adjacent plasma membranes has plaque, anchors adjacent cells together |
| what is plaque in aherens junction? | dense layer of proteins on the inside of plasma membrane attaches microfilaments linked by transmembrane glycoproteins |
| what are Desmosomes? | no fusion of adjacent plasma membrane dense plaques linked by tansmembrane glycoproteins |
| what has the greatest degree of adhesion between cells? | desmosomes |
| what are hemidesmosomes? | one half of a demosome located at the base of epithelial cells anchor cells to basal lamina, not each other |
| what is a gap junction? | no fusion of adjacent plasma membranes transmembrane channels that link adjacent cells together rapid passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells for intercellular communication |
| what is a junctional complex? | group of three cells junctions near the apex of certain cells |
| what does the junctional complex consist of? | (TAD) tight junction, adherens junction, desmosome |
| what is the general features of the epithelium? | little if any extracellular matrix, avasular, exchange via diffusion from connective tissue, no blood supply, has nerve supply, high rate of regenerations |
| what is basement membrane? | thin extracellular layer between epithelium and connective tissue |
| what is basal lamina a product of? | epithelial cells |
| what is reticular lamina a product of? | connective tissue |
| what is surface epithelium simple layer? | one layer |
| what is surface epithelium stratified layer? | two or more layers |
| what is surface epithelium pesudostratified layer? | one layer that appears stratified |
| what is squamous cell shape? | flat |
| what is cuboidal cell shape? | cube-like |
| what is columnar cell shape? | rectangular (cylindrical) |
| what is transitional cell shape? | variable shape, changes shape |
| what are exocrine glands? | secrete their product into a DUCT that opens onto a epithelial surface |
| what is endocrine glands? | ductless and secrete their product (hormones) into extracellular fluid most cases it then diffuses into the blood vessel for further transport |
| what is Unicellular gland? | single celled glands EXAMPLE: goblet cells |
| what is multicellular glands based on? | branching or shape of secretory portion |
| what is simple branching of multicellular glands? | un branched duct |
| what is compound glands of multicellular glands? | branched ducts |
| what does tubular glands look like? | tubular secretory portion |
| what does acinar glands look like? | rounded secretory portions |
| what are tubuloacinar glands? | both tubular and rounded secretory portions |
| what is merocrine secretion? | secretory product is released by exocytosis example is salivary glands |
| what is apocrine secretion? | secretory product along with the apical portion of cell pinches off into the duct example mammary glands |
| what is holocrine secretion? | secretory product accumulates in cell and cell dies then cell and secretory product released into duct example: oil gland |
| what are the two basic elements of connective tissue and general features? | cells and extracellular matrix (amorphous ground substance) highly vascular except for cartilage |
| what are the connective tissue cells? | fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes, leukocytes |
| what are fibroblasts in connective tissue? | secrete extracellular matrix |
| what are macrophages in connective tissue? | develop from monocytes engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis |
| what are plasma cells under macrophages? | secrete antibodies develop from B lymphocytes (WBC) secrete antibodies that fight against foreign substances |
| what are mast cells in connective tissue? | produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels |
| what are adipocytes in connective tissue? | store triglycerides (fat) |
| what are leukocytes in connective tissue? | white blood cells, when there is an infection they accumulate in the connective tissue |
| what is amorphous ground substance? | material located between the cells and fibers contains GAGs that have the ability to trap water and contribute to the jelly like ground substance |
| what is fibronectin in ground substance? | adhesion protein |
| what is the functions of amorphous ground substance? | suport cells, binds together, provides diffusible medium for exchange of substances between blood and cells |
| what are the three fibers of amorphous ground substance? | collagen, reticular, elastic |
| what is collagen fibers in AGS? | tough and resistant to stretching found in connective tissue, cartilage, bone and teeth |
| what is reticular fibers in AGS? | thinner collage fibers supporting framework for soft organs found in spleen and lymph nodes |
| what are elastic fibers in AGS? | composed of the fiber elastin, ELASTIC: can be stretched and returned to original shape after being stretched |
| where is elastic fibers typically found? | located primarily in skin, blood vessel walls and lungs |
| what are the types of dense connective tissue? | dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue elastic connective tissue |
| what is dense regular connective tissue? | collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers, collagen fibers in regular intervals |
| what is dense irregular connective tissue? | irregularly arranged collagen fibers (interwoven) with a few fibroblasts |
| what is elastic connective tissue? | primary elastic fibers with fibroblasts between fibers can stretch and still return to original shape |
| what is special about cartilage? | avascular and no innervation no blood or nerve supply |
| what are the types of cartilage? | hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage |
| what is hyaline cartilage? | most abundant in the body weakest type of cartilage reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage |
| what is fibrocartilage? | more collagen fibers cause rigidity and stiffness strongest type of cartilage NO perichondrium located at intervertebral discs |
| what is elastic cartilage? | more elastic fibers than collagen fibers elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations located in pinna of ear and larynx |
| what are the different bone tissues? | compact bone or spongy bone |
| what is the basic unit of compact bone | basic unit is osteon or haverian system |
| what is the basic unit and general features of spongy bone? | no osteons, basic unit is trabecular, red bone marrow located between trabeculae |
| what is the basic parts of osteon | lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central (haversion) canal |
| what are lamellae in an osteon? | concentric rings of mineralized matrix |
| what is lacunae in an osteon? | contains osteocytes |
| what are canaliculi in an osteon? | contains the processes of osteocytes |
| what are central (aversion) canals in osteons? | contains blood vessels and nerves |
| what are the three princpal epithelial membranes? | mucous membrane, serous, cutaneous **synovial membrane |
| what are mucous membrane? | contain epithelium, lines hollow organs or cavities that open to the exterior glands beneath secrete mucus coating, tight junctions prevent foreign invaders |
| what are serous membranes? | contains epithelium, lines body cavity that does not open to the outside such as chest or abdominal cavity serous fluid secreted by epithelium to lubricate adjacent layers |
| what are cutaneous membranes? | contains epithelium, pertains to skin |
| what is synovial membrane? | contains only connective tissue layer does not contain epithelium? |
| what are the muscle tissue three types? | skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle |
| what is skeletal muscle? | voluntary control striated in appearance |
| what is cardiac muscle? | involuntary control striated in appearance |
| what is smooth muscle? | involuntary control non-striated |
| what are the 4 types of cells in the epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, and merkel cells |
| what are keatinocytes cell types in the epidermis | most abundant cell, synthesize keratin |
| what are melanocytes cell types in the epidermis | contribute to skin color produce melanin |
| what are langerhans cell types in the epidermis? | arise from red bone marrow participate in immune response of skin |
| what are merkel cells types in the epidermis? | located in basal layer of epidermis function in touch sensations |
| what are the layers of the epidermis from base to surface? | Back Spit Grosses Lucile Collins stratum basle, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| what happens in the stratum basale? | cell division produces new keratinocytes |
| what happens in stratum spinosum? | prickle cell layer |
| what happens in stratum granulosum layer? | nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate by apoptosis contain lamellar granules that release lipid- rich water repellant no blood supply because further away from basement membrane |
| what happens in stratum lucidum? | clear, dead cells, present in THICK cells only like fingertips, palms and soles contain large amounts of keratin |
| What happens in stratum corneum? | dead cells, cells filled with keratin, surface cells constantly shed |
| what are the structure of sebaceous gland or oil glands | simple, branched acinar glands secretory portion in the dermis excretory duct usually opens into hair follicle |
| what is the secretion of sebaceous gland or oil gland? | secte sebum (oily substance) by HOLOCINE method |
| what is the structure of eccrine sweat glands? | simple coiled tubular glands secretory portion in the dermis excretory duct opens directly onto surface |
| what is the secretion of eccrine sweat glands? | produce sweat by MEROCRINE method helps regulate body temperature through evaporation |
| what is apocrine sweat gland structure? | simple, coiled tubular glands secretory portion in the dermis execratory duct opens into hair follicle |
| what is the secretion of sweat gland? | produce sweat by MEROCRINE method secretions more viscous do not regular body temperature |
| what is ceruminous gland? | modified sweat gland producing a waxy secretion in external auditory canal excretory ducts opens onto surface or into ducts of sebaceous glands |
| what is cerumen? | ear wax, combined secretion of ceruminous gland and sebaceous gland |
| what is thick skin? | contains all layers of epidermis, located on soles of feet, palms of hands and palmar surface of finger tips |
| what does thick skin lack? | sebaceous glands and hair follicles contains more sweat glands than thin skin |
| what is thin skin? | stratum lucidum absent, remaining layers reduced in thickness located on majority of body |
| what does thin skin contain? | sweat glands, sebaceous gland, hair follicles |
| what are the six stages of tooth development? | dental lamina, bud, cap, bell, Apposition, maturation Dental Buds Call Boastfully Around Mermaids |
| dental bud (in cap stage) consists of? | enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac |
| what is the enamel organ? | forms from dental epithelium to ectoderm only one that is formed from ectoderm forms enamel |
| what is dental papilla? | forms from neurocrest cells to ectomesenchyme forms the dentin and pulp |
| what is the dental sac? | forms from neurocrest cells to ectomesenchyme forms cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone |
| what are the 4 distinct layers of the bell stage? | inner enamel epithelium, stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum, outer enamel epithelium In Seats Students Outlast |
| what is inner enamel epithelium (IEE) | differentiate into ameloblasts which are enamel forming cells enamel knot forms during cap stage |
| what is stratum intermedium? | supports enamel mineralization with alkaline phosphatase |
| what is stellate reticulum? | cells secrete glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) GAGs draw water into enamel organ increasing its volume |
| what is the cervical loop? | junction of outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium cervical loop initiates formation of root |
| what are the characteristics of enamel? | most inorganic with hydroxypatite crystals lacks collagenous proteins it is not vital |
| what is the dentinoenamel junction found in enamel | scalloped junction prevents shear forces from separating enamel from dentin |
| what is cross striation found in enamel? | daily incremental growth lines represent a layer of enamel deposited over a period of 24 hours run at right angles to the axis of the enamel rods |
| what are lines of Retzius in enamel? | incremental growth lines in enamel accentuated by disease and changes in nutrition |
| what are perikymata in relation to lines of retzius in enamel? | grooves on surface of tooth surface manifestation of lines of Retzius |
| what is gnarled enamel? | represents group of twised enamel rods found in the cuspal regions of molars increases the resistance of enamel to fracture during the stress of mastication |
| what are dentinal tubules? | extend from the DEJ to the dentin- predentin junction contains dentinal fluid, nerve and nerve endings and odontoblast processes |
| what are lines of Von Ebner in dentin | daily incremental growth likes in dentin similar to cross striations in enamel |
| what are contour lines of Owen in dentin? | thickened lines representing metabolic disturbances occurring during apposition in dentin similar to stria of Retzius in enamel |
| what are reitubular or intratubular dentin? | located within dentin tubule highly mineralized lacks collagen in its matrix |
| what are intertunular dentin? | majority of dentin located between dentinal tubules less mineralized than intra tubules dentin |
| what are mantle dentin? | first formed layer of dentin closes to the DEJ highly mineralized |
| what are circumpulpar dentin? | bulk of dentin underlying the mantle dentin collage fibers smaller and randomly oriented |
| what are pre-dentin? | unmineralized matrix closes to the odontoblast layer |
| what is primary dentin? | dentin formed prior to and during tooth eruption regular "s" shaped pattern of tubules |
| what is secondary dentin? | dentin formed after the tooth comes into function abrupt change in direction of dentinal tubules forms more slowly than primary dentin forms throughout the life of the tooth |
| what is tertiary dentin? | localized, rapid formation of dentin response to some trauma which exposes dentinal tubules to oral environment seals off tubules from pulp- prevents microbes |
| what are dead tract dentin? | tract of dentin containing empty tubules acute response to some trauma, odontoblasts are either killed or injured dentinal tubules are filled with air, appears black under microscope |
| what is sclerotic dentin? | area of dentin containing tubules completely occluded with peritubular dentin slower response to chronic trauma, appears transparent under microscope |
| what are the three theories of dentin sensitivity? | nerves in dentin, odontoblast as receptor, hydrodynamic |
| what is the nerves in dentin theory in dentin sensitivity | 1 in 10 tubules contain a free nerve ending |
| what is odontoblast as a receptor in dentin sensitivity? | nerves shown to synapse with odontoblast cell body |
| what is hydrodynamic theory of dentin sensitivity? | fluid movement through tubule stimulates pulpal nerves MOST PLAUSIBLE THEORY |
| What are the cell types of pulp? | fibroblasts, odontoblasts, undifferentiated mesnchymal cells, macrophages, leukocytes |
| what are the most numerous cell type in pulp? | fibroblasts, odontoblasts are next |
| what are the pulp zones? | Richard Finds Orangutans Pretty Disgusting odontoblastic zone, cell free zone, cell rich zone, pulpal core or central zone |
| what is the odontoblastic zone of pulp? | outermost layer against predentin dentinal nerve fibers located between cells |
| what is the cell free zone of pulp? | not really cell free but cells are less numerous nerve and capillary plexus |
| what is cell rich zone of pulp? | increased cell density more extensive vascularity |
| what is pulpal core of central zone of pulp? | central most region of pulp numerous cell types, nerves and blood vessels and lymphatic vessels |
| what are the age changes in pulp? decrease volume due to... | secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, pulp stones |
| what is the periodontium made up of? | cementum, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament gingiva |
| what are the three patterns of the CEJ? | cementum overlaps enamel cementum meets enamel end on Gap between cementum and enamel |
| what is the most common pattern of the CEJ? | cementum overlaps enamel |
| will the enamel ever overlap the cementum? | NO, cementum forms after enamel |
| what are the different names of the alveolar bone proper? | cribriform plate, bundle bone, lamina dura |
| why is the alveolar bone proper called cribriform plate? | tiny canals that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through it |
| why is the alveolar bone proper called bundle bone? | contains sharpey's fibers or the portions of periodontal ligaments fibers that are embedded in the alveolar bone proper |
| why is the alveolar bone proper called lamina dura? | shows up as a white line in radiographs |
| what are the components of alveolar bone? | alveolar bone proper, cortical plate, central spongiosa |
| what is cortical plate in alveolar bone? | compact bone, inner plate on lingual surfaces, outer plate on buccal and labial surfaces |
| what is the central spongiosa in alveolar bone? | trabecula bone |
| what are sharpey's fibers? | perforating fibers the portion of periodontal ligament fibers embedded in the alveolar bone proper or cementum |
| what are the PDL ligament cells | fibroblasts, cememntoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts/cementoclasts, epithelial rests of Malassez |
| what are fibroblasts in PDL? | produce and reduce periodontal ligament |
| what are cementoblasts in PDL? | forms cementum |
| what are osteoclasts in PDL? | found on the surface of alveolar bone, resorb bone |
| what are odontoclasts/cementoclasts? | removal of dental tissue found in shedding of primary teeth |
| what are epithelial rests of Malassez? | remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath |
| what are the functions of the periodontal ligament? | supportive: suspension protective: cusion formative: osteoblasts, cementoblasts,fibroblasts nutritive: blood supply sensory: pain, touch, pressure, temperature |
| what are the three types of epithelium found in the oral mucosa | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| what are the classification of oral mucosa? | lining mucosa, masticatiory mucosa, specialized mucosa |
| what is lining mucosa? | covers lips, cheek, soft palate, ventral tongue and floor of mouth is non keratinized epithelium |
| what is masticatiory mucosa? | covers gingiva and hard palate keratinized or parakeratinized epithelium |
| what is specialized mucosa? | dorsolateral surface of tonuge keratinized epithelium |
| what are the four types of papillae found on specialized mucosa? | filiform, fungiform, foliate, curcumvallate |
| what are filiform papillae? | no taste buds contribute to the rough surface of the tongue |
| what are fungiform papillae? | contain taste buds on dorsal surface mushroom shaped papillae |
| what are foliate papillae? | contain taste buds posterior lateral sides of the tongue |
| what are circumvallate papillae? | numerous taste buds located along the sides of papillae located along the junction of the base and body of the tongue |
| what are the three zones of gingiva? | free or marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, interdental gingiva |
| what is free or marginal gingiva? | outer surface epithelium keratinized |
| what is attached gingiva | keratinized or parakeratinized epithelium located between free gingiva and alveolar mucosa |
| what is interdental gingiva? | gingiva located between two adjacent teeth col is here |
| what is col | concave area of the interdental gingiva thin layer of nonkeratinized epithelium |
| what is sulcular epithelium? | non-keratinized epithelium stands away from the tooth surface |
| what is junctional epithelium? | lines the floor of the sulcus attaches to the tooth surface via epithelial attachment |
| what are the three phases of tooth eruption? | pe-eruptive phase eruptive phase post-erupted phase |
| what is pre-eruptive phase consist of? | crowns developing roots have not yet begun to form |
| what is eruptive phase | begins with the initiation of root development ends wen teeth reach occlusal contact periodontal ligament begins to form gubernacular canal |
| what is a gubernacular canal? | opening in occlusal end of body crypt. epithelial remnants of dental lamina found here |
| what is post eruptive phase? | begins when teeth reach occlusal contact continues throughout lifetime of tooth roots complete their growth |
| what is the mechanism for shedding of deciduous teeth? | odontoclast appear: result of pressure from erupting successional tooth |
| what are salivary glands classified as? | compound tubuloacinar glands exocrine glands, merocrine glands |
| what are parenchyma in salivary glands? | functional epithelial component contains secretory portions and ducts |
| what is stroma in salivary glands? | connective tissue, supportive framework, a conduit for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves |
| what are myoepithelial cells? | located between the acinar cells and basal lamina extend long cell processes that wrap around acinus and intercalacted duct |
| what does myoepithelial contractions facilitate? | movement of secretory products produce primary secretion that will later be modified by the duct system |
| what are the three types of acini? | serous acini, mucous acinus, mixed acinus |
| what is serious acinus? | secretion more watery contains enzymes |
| what is mucous acinus? | secretions more viscous secretions contain mucins |
| what is mixed acinus? | secretion is serous plus mucous secretions |
| what is serous demilunes? | cover mucous cells at the distal end of the acini |
| major salivary glands what are they? | parotid glands submandibular gland sublingual gland |
| minor salivary glands what are they? | buccal glands, labial glands, lingual glands, palatine glands, glossopalatine glands But Ladies Like Purple Gloss |
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Chobchi
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