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Chapter 8 Vocabulary

Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

TermDefinition
active transport energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient.
endocytosis active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.
exocytosis active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell.
facilitated diffusion passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.
hypertonic solution in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell.
isotonic solution in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell.
osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.
passive transport movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move particles across the membrane.
anaphase third phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules
cell cycle continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell.
centriole in animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase.
centromere cell structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome.
chromatin long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes.
chromosome cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.
cytokinesis cell process following meiosis or mitosis in which the cell's cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells.
interphase cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries of metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division.
metaphase short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber.
mitosis period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
organ group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism.
organ system multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function.
prophase first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.
sister chromatid identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere.
spindle cell structures composed of microtubule fibers; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids.
telophase final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence.
tissue groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
cancer uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme production in the cell cycle.
gene segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle.
Created by: Kaylar626
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