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GEO

TermDefinition
James Hutton Developed Uniformitarianism
William Smith Co-Developer of the principal of Fossil Succession.
Inclusions Rock fragments included within a rock mass are older than the enclosing rock mass.
Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”.
Body Fossils Include unaltered remains, recrystallized or replaced, molds & casts.
Ichnofossils trace fossil including trails, tracks, coprolites, ect.
Chemo fossils – Distinctive chemical signatures preserved in rocks.
Pre-mineralization (common) Original material remains, pore spaced filled by minerals.
Re-Crystallization Original shell altered in situ by low grade metamorphism.
Replacement Dissolution and simultaneous or later precipitation of other minerals.
Mold external impression
Cast replica of the original
Carbonization Typically represents organic material accumulate in a low oxygen setting.
Trace Fossils • Tracks • Trails • Borings • Coprolites • Almost all archeological finds.
Preservation Potential Low Oxygen and Rapid Burial
Lagerstatten Rare examples of geologic deposits containing fossils with extraordinary preservation of soft parts
Paleoenvironments Reconstruction of past environments.
Paleoecology relationships between organisms, populations and their physical environment.
Paleobiogeogeography reconstruction of past geographic distribution of fossil populations.
Taxonomy classification of all organisms
Fact – an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed.
Law a descriptive generalization about how the physical word behaves.
Hypothesis a testable statement that can be used to build conclusions and explanations.
Theory a well-substantiated explanation that incorporates facts, laws, inferences and tested hypotheses.
Evolution the progressive change in populations of organisms over time.
Microevolution Short time scale events (generation-to-generation) that change the genotypes and phenotypes of populations.
Macroevolution Long time scale events that create and eliminate species.
Bishop James Ussher Using Biblical stories to backtrack the events of the Earth to Creation.
Georges Buffon Studied the Cooling rates of metal and non-metal spheres.
Lord Kelvin Studied the Cooling rates of metal and non-metal spheres in greater detail than buffon
John Joly Studied the build up of salt in the oceans.
Relative Age Dating Sequence of events based on logic and observation.
Absolute Age Dating Calculating an actual number of “Years” to an event. Based on radioactive decay of isotopes.
Superposition oldest rocks on the bottom and the youngest on the top.
Original horizontality layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.
Lateral Continuity layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions
Cross-Cutting Relationships geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features.
Unconformitiy surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages
Fossil Succession the specific order of fossils, from lower to higher, within geological strata.
TRANSGRESSION NEAR SHORE FACIES OVERLAIN BY OFFSHORE FACIES. (relatively coarse), Movement of the shoreline LANDWARD
REGRESSION OFFSHORE FACIES OVERLAIN BY NEARSHORE FACIES. Movement of the shoreline SEAWARD
Isotactic Effects The ground moves. Up or down
Eustatic Effects The water level changes. Up or down
Chronostratigraphic the branch of stratigraphy that studies the age of rock strata in relation to time.
Stratigraphy branch of geology which studies rock layers and layering
Geochronologic
Isotopes Different types of an element differing in atomic mass (i.e. Different number of neutrons)
Walthers Law Facies adjacent in a continuous vertical sequence are adjacent laterally as well.
Facies The grading of materials (more coarse towards shore and becoming finer the deeper you go)
Disconforminty represents a period of erosion or non-deposition
Created by: stagga85
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