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BEastBio-U3-Cells
Unit 3: Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | basic unit of life |
| Cell Theory | theory that states that (1) all organisms are made of cells, (2) all cells come from other cells, and (3) the cell is the most basic unit of life. |
| Prokaryote | a. DEF: Cells without membrane-bound organelles b. Do not have a nucleus c. EX: Bacteria |
| Eukaryote | a. DEF: Cells with membrane-bound organelles b. More complex; each organelle inside the cell has a specific function c. EX: Protist Cells, Fungus Cells, Plant Cells, Animal Cells |
| Organelle | membrane-bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell. |
| Cell Membrane | Phospholipid bilayer creates boundary around cell; controls what enters and exits (selectively permeable); maintains homeostasis |
| Cell Wall | Protection, support and maintains shape. Strong and rigid; made of cellulose (PLANTS ONLY) |
| Nucleus | Location of DNA; control center of cell. Nuclear contents enclosed in nuclear envelope |
| Nucleolus | Creates ribosomes. Contains RNA; smaller, membrane-bound organelle |
| Cytoskeleton | Provides internal structure and shape. Tiny network of protein rods and filaments (threads) |
| Cytoplasm | Holds organelles. Site of chemical reactions. Clear, jelly-like fluid. |
| Ribosome | Link amino acids to make proteins. No membrane – just RNA and proteins |
| Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) | Transports (to Golgi) and modifies proteins made by ribosomes. Interconnected network of membranes with ribosomes attached. |
| Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) | Creates lipid that break down toxins in the cell. Interconnected network of membranes with NO ribosomes attached. |
| Golgi Complex | Packages and processes proteins and other products to be shipped out of the cell. Flattened stack of tubular membranes. |
| Vacuole | Stores water and nutrients (in plants especially; support. Hollow storage structure (plant will wilt if vacuole is not full of water) |
| Mitochondria | MAKES ENERGY – site of cellular respiration; “powerhouse”. Double-membrane organelle with own DNA and ribosomes |
| Chloroplasts | Site of photosynthesis – produce food Double-membrane and contain chlorophyll with own DNA and ribosomes. |
| Lysosome | Cellular digestion. Contain digestive enzymes |
| Vesicle | Hold and transport materials in cell and to cell membrane. Small, membrane-bound sac |
| Centrioles | Form cilia and flagella. Help divide DNA. Tubules found in the centrosomes, perpendicular to each other |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | - Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. -- A cell can float in water and water can be in the cytoplasm, but water does not stay between the two layers of phospholipids. |
| Passive Transport | transport that does not require energy. |
| Diffusion | Movement of materials from a higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| Osmosis | a. Movement of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration b. HIGH TO LOW… H20! |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of materials from higher to lower concentration but with the help of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane |
| Active Transport | transport that requires energy. |
| Exocytosis | a. Movement of large materials out of the cell b. Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release materials into the extracellular fluid |
| Endocytosis | Movement of large materials into the cell by infolding of the cell membr |
| Hypertonic Solution | A solution that has a high concentration of solute (dissolved “stuff”) |
| Hypotonic Solution | A solution that has a low concentration of solute |
| HYPER AND HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS | SOLUTIONS CAN ONLY BE LABELED AS SUCH WHEN COMPARED TO EACH OTHER. |
| Isotonic Solutions | Two solutions that have equal concentrations of solute |
| Photosynthesis | WHO: Producers (mostly plants) WHAT: The process of capturing energy from sunlight to make sugars WHERE: Takes place in the CHLOROPLASTS a. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy |
| Light-Dependent Reaction | - Materials Needed: H2O and sunlight (energy) - Materials Released: O2 - Chlorophyll absorbs energy |
| Light-Independent Reaction | - Materials Needed: CO2 from atmosphere - Materials Created: Sugar (glucose |
| Equation for Photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H20 (+sunlight) -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water (+sunlight ) -> Glucose + Oxygen |
| Cellular Respiration | WHO: Producers and Consumers WHAT: The process of converting sugars (glucose) to energy (ATP) using oxygen WHERE: Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA |
| Glycolysis | Step 1 of Cellular Respiration - Materials Needed: Glucose (no O2 needed) - Materials Created: Energy (ATP) |
| Krebs Cycle | Step 2 of Cellular Respiration - Materials Needed: Carbon molecules from glycolysis - Materials Released: CO2 - Materials Created: Energy (ATP) |
| Electron Transport Chain | Step 3 of Cellular Respiration - Materials Needed: O2 - Materials Released: H2O - Materials Created: Energy (ATP) |
| Equation for Cellular Respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY |
| DNA | Genetic material that gives organisms their traits. |
| Chromosomes | Long strands of DNA are packaged in the form of chromosomes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from each parent for a total of 46 in all their body cells (except sperm and eggs) |
| Purposes of Cell division | 1. Nucleus cannot effectively control a large cell 2. As a cell grows, the volume of the cell grows faster than the surface area (too much volume is hard to maintain) 3. Organisms grow by adding new cells |
| Stages of Cell Division | Interphase, Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis |
| Interphase | - G1, S, G2 - normal growth; preparation for division |
| Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, |
| Prophase | - Nucleolus and Nuclear Membrane disappear - Chromosomes begin to appear (DNA is condensed) - Centrioles (animal cells) move to poles |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes move to equator of cell |
| Anaphase | Spindle Fibers pull chromosomes to poles |
| Telophase | Chromosomes arrive at poles New Nuclear Membranes form |
| Cytokinesis | splitting of cytoplasm |
| Results of the Mitosis Cell Cycle | a. Two daughter cells created from one original cell b. Daughter cells are exactly alike (same chromosomes) |
| Plant Variation in Cell Division (cytokinesis) | Plant Cells form a Cell Plate during cytokinesis |
| Animal Variation in Cell Division (cytokinesis) | Animal Cells form a Furrow during cytokinesis |
| Prokaryote Variation in Cell Division (cytokinesis) | - Bacteria cells divide by Binary Fission - No mitosis needed because they do not have a nucleus - G1 -> S -> Cytokinesis |
| Cancer | Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Cells build up in the form of tumors – these deprive normal cells of nutrients |
| Causes of Cancer | - Genetics - Environment – lifestyle, etc. - Viruses |
Created by:
BEastBio
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