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Life science2013fall
notecards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| control | a subject who is not exposed to the experimental treatment but has all other variables the same |
| Random Assignment | An effective way of assigning individuals to groups for testing |
| Blind experiment | subjects don’t know what kind of treatment they have received |
| Double blind experiment | the person administering the treatments and the subjects do not know who is in each group until after the experiment is over |
| The “gold standard” for experimentation | Double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized experiments |
| Model systems | can be used in experiments when it appears to dangerous or unethical to test on humans |
| Correlation | dependent relationship between two independent variables |
| Experiments | designed to collect data (information) to test specific hypotheses. |
| Variables | factors that can change in value under different conditions |
| Independent variables | can be manipulated by the scientist |
| Dependent variables | cannot be changed by the researcher |
| Statistics | used to mathematically evaluate and compare data. |
| statistical tests | can extend the results from small samples to an entire population |
| Statistically significant | results is one that is very unlikely to be due to random chance differences between the control and experimental samples |
| Sampling error | effect of chance on experimental data |
| Confidence interval | the range of values from a sample that has a 95% probability of containing the true population mean (average) |
| Primary Sources | Researchers can submit a paper about their results to a professional journal. Undergo peer review |
| Secondary sources | books, news reports, the internet, and advertisements |
| Anecdotal evidence | based on one person’s experience, not on experimental data. |
| Metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism. Can be broken down into catabolism and anabolism |
| Catabolism | breaking things down |
| Anabolism | building things up |
| Elements | fundamental forms of matter |
| Atoms | the smallest units of an element. composed of a central nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud |
| Ions | atoms with a positive or negative electrical charge |
| Atomic number | determined by the number of protons in the nucleus |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Water molecule | two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom |
| solvent | Water is the blank of life on earth (helps chemical reactions). |
| Solute | what is being dissolved in the solvent |
| Solution | solutes added to a solvent |
| polar | Oxygen side is slightly negative |
| nonpolar | When molecules have no charges |
| Hydrogen bond | the weak attraction between the slightly + hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly - oxygen atom of another |
| hydrophilic | water–loving |
| hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| reactants | Solutes in the mixture that interact to form and end result are called |
| products | End result of the chemical reaction |
| cohesion | Water molecules tend to stick together |
| pH scale | measure of the relative amounts of acids and bases in a solution. |
| basic | pH greater than 7 |
| acidic | pH lower than 7 |
| neutral | Pure water = 7 |
| organic chemistry | the chemistry of the complex carbon containing molecules |
| Carbon | makes up most of the mass of living organisms |
| Covalent bonds | strong bonds from sharing electrons |
| Ionic bonds | occurs when there is a transfer of electrons between atoms. |
| Carbohydrates | molecules of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Major source of energy for cells |
| Proteins | polymers of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds. made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
| Lipids | hydrophobic; composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen |
| Fat | composed of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid tails |
| Steroids | a four carbon ring structure such as cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone |
| Phospholipids | composed of a glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group |
| Nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | sugar + a phosphate + a nitrogenous base. two types: RNA and DNA |
| DNA | the hereditary material in nearly all organisms. The blueprints for the construction and operation of a cell. The structure of this molecule is a double helix. |
| base-pairing rules | A with T G with C |
| A | T |
| G | C |
| cell | the fundamental structural unit of life |
| Prokaryotic cells | smaller and simpler in structure. probably resemble the earliest cells to arise on Earth. do not have a true nucleus. do have cell wall |
| Eukaryotic Cells | much more complex. Have a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane Also have membrane-bound organelles with specialized jobs. can be unicellular (yeast) to multicellular (humans) |
| phospholipids bilayer | hydrophobic tails orient inside the membrane, away from water |
| Fluid mosaic model | lipids and proteins can move about within the membrane |
| Semipermeable barrier | some molecules can get across and some can’t. Nonpolar molecoles can easily cross Polar molecules cannot |
| Nucleus | surrounded by a double nuclear membrane which houses DNA. Basically the control center of the cell |
| Ribosomes | assembly proteins that can be attached to membranes or free floating |
| Cytosol | watery substances inside the cell that surrounds the nucleus and organelles |
| Mitochondria | these provide energy for the cell, using oxygen. Found in eukaryotic cells. |
| Chloroplasts | sites of photosynthesis in plant cells. These make carbohydrates that the plants use for energy |
| Lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes to break down substances |
| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | involved in protein production and has ribosomes attached to its membrane. Ribosomes give it a studded appearance |
| Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum | involved in lipid production and lacks ribosomes |
| Golgi apparatus | modifies and sorts proteins and packages them into vesicles. The post office of the cell |
| Centrioles | moves genetic material during cell division |
| Cytoskeleton | maintains cell shape |
| Central vacuole | found in plant cells and stores water, starch and pigments |
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