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Excretory System.
Excretory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the term excretion. | Removal of toxic poisonous wastes produced by body chemical reactions.Kidneys filtering blood to remove toxic wastes [ urea / excess salts / ( excess) water]Removal of toxic CO2 from lungs. |
| A boy drinks a large amount of water in a day. Explain why the boy produces a large volume of very pale yellow urine later in the day. | Kidney filters out the excess water from blood. Body / kidney only reabsorbs the water it needs. The rest /excess water is stored in the bladder to produce a lot of dilute urine. |
| A kidney has many nephrons. Discuss how nephron filters blood. | Plasma from glomerulus capillaries has substances filtering into Bowman’s Capsule. Useful nutrients reabsorbed back into blood. |
| A kidney has many nephrons. Discuss why nephron filters blood. | To remove (toxic) wastes, urea & excess salts from blood. Homeostasis, to maintain a constant internal environment. To control levels of substances in blood. |
| Explain how a nephron works. Step 1: | Diameter of blood vessel leading into glomerulus is larger than the blood vessel leaving the glomerulus.This sets up a high pressure inside the glomerulus of each nephron which forces smaller molecules to move into the Bowman’s capsule. |
| Explain how a nephron works. Step 2: | Body’s cells activities produce waste products which end up in blood. |
| Explain how a nephron works. Step 3: | Nephron filters blood as filtrate. Proteins, red blood cells are too big to pass through glomerulus membranes into Bowman’s capsule. |
| Explain how a nephron works. Step 4: | When membranes are damaged then proteins can pass through into the filtrate. Most of the small molecules such as glucose & salt ions are reabsorbed into surrounding capillaries around the kidney tubule by diffusion and active transport |
| Explain how a nephron works. Step 5: | Nephron controls the level of substances in blood, to help the blood have the correct levels as these substances are required by cells for living processes to occur. Hence much of the filtrate is reabsorbed. because the essential substances are needed |
| Describe the function of the renal artery | Renal artery – carries blood / oxygenated blood / blood with waste from body / aorta to kidney.(NOTE: substances could be named – water, glucose, urea, O2, salts, amino acids etc.) |
| Describe the function of the renal vein | Renal vein – carries (filtered) blood / deoxygenated blood / blood with waste removed from kidney to heart. |
| Explain, with reasons, what happens between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule. Part 1 | An arteriole takes blood to a glomerulus of a nephron filtration occurs under very high pressure is forced to move from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule and the smaller particles are removed from the blood. |
| Explain, with reasons, what happens between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule. Part 2 | Larger capillary network provides a larger surface area so filtration is faster. Smaller venule helps to increase blood pressure in glomerulus network because blood flow is slowed down. |
| Explain, with reasons, what happens between the kidney tubule and capillaries. Part 1 | As the filtrate (NOT blood) moves through the nephron / tubule. Glucose is still needed by the body as it is the energy source for respiration and is reabsorbed by active transport |
| Explain, with reasons, what happens between the kidney tubule and capillaries. Part 2 | Water is needed by the body to ensure correct water balance (osmoregulation) and moves into the blood capillaries by osmosis. Salt is needed by the body and moves into the blood by active transport. |
| The composition of the blood leaving the kidney in the renal vein is different from the blood entering the kidney in the renal artery. Discuss the reasons for the changes in concentration of urea. | Urea made by the liver is filtered out of the blood at the kidneys and passes through the tubules tothe bladder dissolved in water as urine. Hence renal vein blood carries less urea than renal artery |
| The composition of the blood leaving the kidney in the renal vein is different from the blood entering the kidney in the renal artery. Discuss the reasons for the changes in concentration of salts. | Salt levels in the blood must be maintained to prevent high blood pressure. If a person has eaten a salty mealthere will be less salt in renal vein blood because more salt is excreted in urine. The opposite applies as well |
| The composition of the blood leaving the kidney in the renal vein is different from the blood entering the kidney in the renal artery. Discuss the reasons for the changes in concentration of water. | Water carries many dissolved substances. Much water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubule back into bloodto maintain correct blood composition. But some water is used to dissolve substances like urea (explained above), there is less water in the renal vein |
| The composition of the blood leaving the kidney in the renal vein is different from the blood entering the kidney in the renal artery. Discuss the reasons for the changes in concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose. | Renal vein blood has more carbon dioxide, less glucose and less oxygen than renal artery blood because the function nephrons carry out (aerobic) respiration to provide the cells with energy so the cells can carryout processes of filtration or absorption |
Created by:
amyirvine
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