Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
APChap1-3Exam
Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1 - 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the human body, the body structures and the relationship among those structures (i.e lungs) |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the human body (i.e cellular respiration) |
| Embryology | structures that emerge from the time of fertilization to the eighth week in utero. |
| Developmental Biology | structures that emerge from the time of a fertilized egg to adulthood. |
| Histology | the study of the microscopic structures of tissues |
| iSurface Anatomy | visualization and palpation of anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body |
| Gross Anatomy | any structures that can be examined without a microscope |
| Systematic Anatomy | structures of specific body systems (i.e digestive) |
| Regional Anatomy | structures of a specific body region |
| Pathological Anatomy | structural changes (gross or microscopic) associated with diseas |
| System Specific Physiology | functions of those specific systems (i.e neurophysiology) |
| Immunology | Study of how the body defends itself against disease causing agents |
| Exercise Physiology | changes in the cell and organ function as a result of exercise |
| Pathophysiology | functional changes associated with disease and aging |
| Chemical | interaction of Atoms |
| Cell | structural and functional units of living organisms |
| Tissue | groups of similar cells and materials surrounding them |
| Types of Tissue in the Human Body (4) | Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous |
| Organ | anything composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions. (i.e urinary bladder, heart, stomach, lungs) |
| Organ System | a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. Common systems, such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, etc. |
| Organism | ANY living thing |
| Organization | condition in which there are specific relationships and functions |
| Metabolism | a sum of all chemical rxns of the body |
| Responsiveness | ability to sense changes and adjust |
| Growth | an increase in the size of number of cells |
| Development | changes that occur in an organism over time |
| Differentiation | change from general to specific (i.e child to adult) |
| Morphogenesis | change in the shape of tissues and organs (i.e from tadpole to frog) |
| Reproduction | new cells or new organisms |
| Homeostasis | the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment. (i.e sense the cold, the body makes more heat) |
| Set Point | The ideal normal value of a variable (i.e 98.6◦F or 37◦C – Body temperature) |
| Imbalances (disruptions) | occur daily from external and internal environments |
| Feedback Systems | cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed and re-monitored, re-evaluated, etc. |
| Receptor | detect stimulus/something that causes deviation from the set point |
| Control Center | determines the set point of a variable |
| Effectors | Body structure that can cause response to the controlled variable |
| Negative Feedback System | mechanisms that maintain Homeostasis. Negative means that any deviations from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. |
| Positive Feedback System | strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. are rare in healthy individuals. Positive implies that, when a value deviates from normal, the system responds to make the deviation even greater. |
| Plasma (Cell) membrane | forms the outer layer of the cell and allows interaction with the cells environment. |
| Nucleus | large organelles that contains most of the cell’s DNA which in turn controls most aspects of the cellular function and structure. |
| Cytoplasm | contains the cytosol (fluid) portion of the cytoplasm and the remainder of the oraneles and cellular structure. |
| Cellular Metabolism | cells breakdown food to produce energy and use that energy to synthesize molecules |
| Communication | cells send and receive electrical and chemical signals |
| Reproduction and Inheritance | cells copy their DNA before dividing and some cells hae become specialized to become gametes for sexual reproduction. |
| Cell Division | the process in which cells reproduce themselves |
| Somatic Cell Division | (i.e replenishing Kidney and Liver Cells) division of any cell that can divide (except sperm and egg producing cells) |
| Reproductive Cell Division | (i.e baby making cells, sperm and egg and gametes)Division of cells that produce sperm and egg. The process is called Meiosis and Cytokinesis |
| Interphase | the phase between cell division |
| Mitosis | series of events that lead to the production of two cells by division of a mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells |
| Cytokinesis | division of cells cytoplasm and organelles (called cleavage furrowing in animal cells) |
| Reproductive Cell Division | cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testis) and produces gametes (ova and sperm) with half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells |
| Homologous Chromosomes | One from the mom and one from the dad |
| Locus | pair of chromosomes where a gene is located |
| Alleles | different forms of a gene at a gene locus |
| Meiosis | a. Only stem cells and gonads will divide by meiosis to produce gametes b. Meiosis II requires two successive stages |
| Meiosis I | divides the chromosome number in half and provides genetic variation (crossing over and independent assortment) |
| Meiosis II | is similar to Mitosis (Mitosis series of events that lead to the production of two cells by division of a mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells) |
| Zygote Division | Zygote (A) (150 µm diameter) divides to form 2 cells (B) approximately 18-39 hours after fertilization. These cells divide to form 4 cells (C), then 8 cells (D), etc. Note that the total size of the embryo remains fairly constant. |
| Blastocyst Formation | a.Morulla – solid ball of 12 cells b.Approx. 5 days after fertilization, the morulla consists of about 32 cells and blastocoele c.Blastocyst – hollow sphere of cells that implants into the uterus d.Endosen – where the cell implants on the uterus |
| Implantation | seven days after fertilization. i. The Blastocyst implants in the Uterine Wall and the Trophoblast forms the placenta and membranes while the Inner Cell Mass forms the Embryo Proper. |
| Amniotic cavity | forms inside the inner cell mass and is surrounded by the Amnion (amniotic sac) |
| Yolk sac | forms inside the blastocoele |
| Embryonic disk | made of ectoderm (which later produces the mesoderm and the endoderm) |
| Epithelial Tissue | protective coverings on internal and external surfaces of the body |
| Connective Tissue | consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix. |
| Muscle Tissue | contract or shorten w/ force and is responsible for movement |
| Nervous Tissue | responsible for conducting electrical signals called action potential |
| Neurons | cells responsible for transporting electrical signals throughout the body |
| Neuroglia | cells that nourish, protect and insulate neurons (outnumber 5:1) |
| Smooth muscle | regulates the size of the organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye and produces “goose flesh” in the skin |
| Cardiac | contracts the heart |
| Skeletal | enables body movement. |
Created by:
DuckNNCover
Popular Biology sets