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BIO104 - CH3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Smallest Unit of Life | Cell |
| What are all living things made of? | Cells |
| What does every cell come from? | Another living cell |
| Which cell size has more surface area? | Small |
| What does an increase in surface size in a cell allow? | More nutrients to pass into cell and wastes to exit cell more efficiently |
| What are the two main types of cells? | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
| Which type of cell has a nucleus? | Eukaryotes |
| Which type of cell has membrane-organellas present? | Eukaryotes |
| Do Prokaryote cells have internal membrane systems? | No |
| What is an example of a Prokaryote? | Bacteria |
| What is an example(s) of a Eukaryote? | Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals |
| All cells contain what? | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes |
| What is the Endosymbiont Theory? | Primitive Eukaryotes engulf bacteria which eventually are unable to live on their own and become organellas |
| Which organellas evolve base on Endosymbiont Theory? | Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
| What do Mitochondria originate from? | purple nonsulfer bacteria |
| What do Chloroplasts originate from? | Cynobacteria |
| What is the advantage of Mitochondira? | Cell respiration (produce own energy...20x more) |
| What is the advantage of Chloroplasts? | Can provide own food/sugar via Photosynthesis |
| What is the difference between heterotrophic cells and autotrophic cell? | Heterotrophic cell gets food; autotrophic, makes food |
| What is the structure of the plasma membrane? | Phosolipids bilayer with attached and embedded protiens |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane? | Regulates entry into and out of cell |
| What gives the phosopholipid bilayer strength? | Cholesteral |
| Glycoprotein | A protein/lipid with sugar attached |
| What type of permeability is the cell membrane? | Selectively permeable/semipermeable |
| Selectively permeable/semipermeable | Only certain substances can pass through bilayer |
| What types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without help? | Water, small uncharged ions (O2, CO2) |
| What types of molecules can't pass through the cell membrane without help? | Charged ions, charged molecules (Amino acids, nucleotides), large molecules (Proteins, starch) |
| How do things move across cell membrane? | Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated (Active)Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis |
| Diffusion | substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down the concentration gradient) |
| Does cell need energy when using diffusion? | No |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water |
| Does cell need energy when using osmosis? | No |
| Isotonic solution | Salt in solution matches water in solution |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Requires transport protein to move solute from high concentration to low concentration but does not require energy |
| Facilitated Transport | Solute moves from area of low concentration to area of high concentration |
| Does cell need energy when using Facilitated Transport? | Yes (ATP) |
| Does cell need to use a transport protein when using Facilitated Transport? | Yes |
| Endocytosis | Cell transports substances into the cell molecule by packing the substance into a vesicle from cell membrane. |
| vesicle | Membrane encases sac |
| Exocytosis | Cell transports substances to outside of the cell via a vesicle which fuses with the outside membrane releasing the substances. |
| What are the organellas of a cell? | Nucleus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, cystoskeleton, cilia and flagella, and mitrochondria |
| Which organellas (structures) are involved in protein production? | Nucleus, ribosomes, and endomembrane system |
| Describe the structure of the nucleus | double membrane, pore, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA) |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | DNA storage, DNA replication, RNA synthesis |
| Describe structure of ribosome | large subunit and small unit; each made of 50% rRNA and 50% protein |
| What is the function of the ribosome? | Protein synthesis |
| Where is the ribosome located in the cell? | Cytoplasm and Rough ER. |
| Is the ribosome bound by a membrane? | No |
| What is the difference between the Prokaryote ribosome and the Eukaryote ribosome? | Prokaryate is smaller (60s); the Eukaryate is 80s. |
| What is the Endomembrane system? | a series of membranes in cytoplasm; protein and lipids are made on membranes and transported to other membranes |
| What structures/organellas are part of the Endomembrane System? | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER), Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER); Vesicles, Golgi, and Lysomes |
| What is the structure of SER? | Tubular sheets of membranes, continuous of the RER. |
| What is the function of the SER? | Lipid and membrane synthesis (all cell types), Specialized/different cells: CA++ storage, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism |
| What is the structure of the RER? | flatten sheets of membranes, contains ribosomes on surfaces, and continuous with nuclear membrane |
| What is the function of the RER? | Protein synthesis on ribosomes, insertion of protein into membrane; from there sent to golgi via vesicles |
| What is the structure of the golgi? | stack of membranes; lumen of golgi (inner space) |
| What is the function of the golgi? | sorts proteins, sugars attached (glycosylation) packages into vesicles and ships to other parts or outside of cell |
| gycosylation | process of attaching sugars to proteins and lipids |
| What is structure of lysosome? | Looks like a big ole vesicle; contains digestive enzymes |
| What is the function of lysosome? | cell's stomach - breakdown macromolecules, nutrients and cell parts |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | network of molecules inside cells |
| What is the cytoskeleton made of? | actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? | Gives structure to cell and organelles, involved in introcellur transort, and involved in cell movement. |
| What is the structure of cilia and flagella? | inner core of microtubes, covered by plasma membrane |
| What is the function of the cilia and flagella? | move a cell through liquid, move air/water over a surface |
| What is the structure of of mitochondria? | looks like a pill liquid part: matrix of enzymes inner membrane: cristae (enzymes for ATP synthesis) |
| What is the function of the mitochondria? | energy factory, cellular respiration |
| cellular Respiration | food molecules are broken down to make ATP. Energy is used to carry out enzyme reactions and metabolism |
| What are the two types of respirations? | Aerobic, Anaerobic |
| What is the function of Aerobic cellular respiration? | Production of ATP in a cell from sugar or other food molecule |
| What are the processes of Aerobic cellular Respiration? | Glycolysis, Citric Acid, Electron transport chain |
| Where does Glycolysis take place? | Cytoplasm |
| Does Glycolysis require O2? | No |
| Glycolysis | Breaks down glucose - make a little energy |
| Where does Citric Acid Cycle take place? | Mitochondria - makes a lot of energy |
| Does Citric Acid Cycle require O2? | No |
| Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place? | Mitochondrial membrane |
| Does Electron Transport Chain require O2? | Yes |
| Does Aerobic Cell Respiration require oxygen? | Yes (Electron Transport Chain) |
| Is Aerobic Cell Respiration an efficient way to produce energy? Why? | Yes, 1 glucose equals 38 ATP |
| What other molecules beside glucose can be used for cellular respiration? | Other carbohydrates, proteins, lipids |
| How can a cell make ATP without oxygen? | Anaerobic (fermentation) |
| Where does Anaerobic occur? | Cytoplasm |
| What are the processes of Anaerobic? | Glycolysis, Fermentation Reactions |
| What is the function of Anaerobic? | Breaks down the 1 glucose to make 2 ATP and lactic acid |
| Is Anaerobic Cell Respiration an efficient way to produce energy? Why? | No only 2 ATP is made compare to 38ATP. |
| What are enzymes? | Workhorse of cell; most are proteins |
| What do they do in a cell? | Carry out 1 specific type of chemical reactions involved in metabolism |
| Chromatin | Combination of DNA and proteins that forms visible chromosomes during cell division |
| Endocytosis | The inward pinching of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle |
Created by:
PFlynn
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