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BIO 264 Chapter 1
The Human Organism
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure |
| Developmental Anatomy | Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood |
| Embryology | a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to end of eighth week of development |
| Gross Anatomy | Study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope |
| Surface Anatomy | Study of external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures |
| Anatomical imaging | uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)to create pictures of internal structures |
| Anatomical anomalies | physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern |
| Physiology | Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things |
| Cell physiology | examines the processes occurring in cells |
| systemic physiology | considers the functions of organ systems |
| Neurophysiology | focuses on the nervous system |
| Cardiovascular physiology | deals with the heart and blood vessels |
| Pathology | medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions |
| Exercise physiology | focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise |
| Cells | the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals |
| Organelles | Small structures that make up cells |
| Tissue | Composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them |
| Organ | Composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions |
| Organ system | Group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions |
| Organism | any living thing considered as a whole |
| Organization | refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions |
| Metabolism | refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism |
| Responsiveness | an organism's ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes |
| Growth | refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism |
| Development | includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death |
| Differentiation | change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized |
| Morphogenesis | change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism |
| Reproduction | the formation of new cells or new organisms |
| Homeostasis | the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body |
| Variables | conditions such as volume, temperature, and chemical content of fluid |
| Set Point | Homeostatic mechanisms, such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value |
| Normal Range | Body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a ___ of values |
| Negative-Feedback | Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted |
| Receptor | Monitors the value of a variable |
| Control Center | Receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point, and controls the effector |
| Effector | Produces responses that change the value of the variable |
| Positive-feedback | When a value deviates from the normal, the system responds to make the deviation even greater |
| Etymology | Origin and meaning of a word |
| Anatomical position | Person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward |
| Supine | Lying face upward |
| Prone | Lying face downward |
| Superior | A structure above another |
| Inferior | A structure below another |
| Cephalic | Closer to the head than another structure |
| Caudal | Closer to the tail than another structure |
| Anterior | The front of the body |
| Posterior | The back of the body |
| Ventral | Toward the belly |
| Dorsal | Toward the back |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure |
| Distal | Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body |
| Superficial | Toward the surface |
| Deep | Away from the surface, internal |
| Sagittal plane | Runs vertically through the body, separating into right and left portions |
| Planes | Imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body |
| Frontal | Forehead |
| Orbital | Eye |
| Otic | Ear |
| Buccal | Cheek |
| Mental | Chin |
| Cervical | Neck |
| Clavicular | Collarbone |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Sternal | Breastbone |
| Mammary | Breast |
| Brachial | Arm |
| Antecubital | Front of elbow |
| Antebrachial | Forearm |
| Inguinal | Groin |
| Carpal | Wrist |
| Digital | Fingers |
| Manual | Hand |
| Coxal | Hip |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Patellar | Kneecap |
| Crural | Leg |
| Talus | Ankle |
| Dorsum | Top of foot |
| Pedal | Foot |
| Occipital | Base of skull |
| Nuchal | Back of neck |
| Scapular | Shoulder blade |
| Acromial | Point of shoulder |
| Olecranon | Point of elbow |
| Lumbar | Loin |
| Sacral | Between hips |
| Dorsum | Back of hand |
| Gluteal | Buttock |
| Popliteal | Hollow behind knee |
| Sural | Calf |
| Planter | Sole |
| Calcaneal | Heel |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| Thoracic Cavity | the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart |
| Mediastinum | Divides thoracic cavity and contains the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | Abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated |
| Serous Membranes | A thin membrane lining a closed body cavity and moistened with a serous fluid |
| Visceral serous membrane | The inner wall of organ with cavity |
| Parietal serous membrane | The outer wall of organ with cavity |
| Pericardial cavity | Covers the heart, which is contained within a connective tissue sac lined withthe parietal pericardium |
| Pleural Cavity | Lies between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid |
| Peritoneal Cavity | Located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura |
| Peritontitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Mesenteries | Consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs |
| Retroperitoneal | Behind the peritoneum; including the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of intestines, and urinary bladder |
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