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Freshman drugs
Various drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteriostatic | inhibit growth |
| bacteriocidal | kills organism |
| Antibiotics are either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal depending upon their | dose (lower bacteriostatic, higher bacteriostatic) |
| Organisms Sensitive means that | antibiotics affect them (S) |
| Organisms resistant means that | antibiotics have no effect (R) |
| When a person has a infection what is the first thing the physician will do? | Order a culture and sensitivity |
| What does the physician do after he order a culture and sensitivity? | Use a broad specturm antibiotic until the culture comes back |
| What does the physician do when the culture comes back identifying the organism? | He may use a narrow spectrum antibiotic to specifically target organism |
| What are the 3 main adverse reactions to antibiotics? | 1.) Hypersensitivity (allergic rxn) 2.) Superinfection (oppornustic organism moves in due to decreased flora (Mostly broad spectrum) 3.) Organ toxicity (Liver and Kidney) |
| What would the physican do to try to prevent a superinfection with antibiotic use? | Superinfections are less common if antibiotic is given in less than one week |
| -cillins | penicillins |
| How long are penicillins usually given? | 7-10 days |
| A penicillin is injected deep into the muscle, what does this do? | Thick bump on your backside |
| All oral suspensions, and IM reconstitutes, and IM suspensions regarding penicillins need to be | Shaken well |
| How do you administer penicillins? | PO 1 hour before or 1-2 hours after meals (doesn't absorb well with food) |
| What do you give with penicillins? | A full glass of water to help prevent GI upset |
| What are the most common rxns. with penicillins? | NVD |
| Cef | cephalosporins |
| Ceph | cephalosporins |
| What drug has a cross rxn with penicillins and should not be taken if this is the case? | cephalosporins |
| What is the major toxic-adverse effect of cephalosporins | Nephrotoxic (Kidneys) |
| -cycline | tetracyclines |
| What drug do we not take with antacids, iron, or dairy products (causes meds. to bind to it | Tetracyclines |
| What drug is teratogenic in the 1st trimester causing birth defects? | Tetracyclines |
| What drug is teratogenic in the last trimester causing yellow teeth? | Tetracyclines |
| What drug shouldn't be give to children <8 years old due to teeth discoloration? | Tetracyclines |
| What drug decreases oral contraceptives effectiveness and you could get pregnant while on them? | Tetracyclines |
| What drug becomes toxic if outdated (you need to throw them out) | Tetracyclines |
| What drug can cause hepatoxicity? | Tetracyclines |
| Cloxacillin (Tegopen) | Penicillin |
| cefazolin sodium (Kefzol) | 1st generation cephalosporin |
| Sulfi | Sulfonamides |
| Sulfa | Sulfonamides |
| -zole | Sulfonamides |
| -zine | Sulfonamides |
| sulfisoxizole (Gantrisin) | Sulfonamides |
| What antibiotic is not used much anymore? | Sulfonamides |
| What antibiotic is used for Urinary infections and Ear infections? | Sulfonamides |
| What drug must have increased water intake because it is cleared through the kidneys? | Sulfonamides |
| What completely distroys viruses? | Betadine |
| -vir | Antivirals |
| Do viruses really go away even if you take antivirals? | NO, they become dormant |
| Concentrated antibiodies that are used for Rabies and Varicella? | Immunogloublins |
| What attacks the virus itself | Immunogloublins |
| This nonspecific antiviral given in a shot works inside of us to fight off viruses. Can also increase your own immune system? | Human Gammaglobulin |
| What are the two classes of antivirals? | Antivirals and Antiretrovirals |
| Specific for HIV | Antiretrovirals |
| Distroys viruses of all kinds | Antivirals |
| What causes impaired viral replication, decreasing the viurs but not 100%, the virus becomes a part of us (chicken pox at 8, shingles at 80), it becomes dormant. | Antivirals |
| Drug that allows patients own immune system to work with it | Antivirals |
| What is a coctail of antiretrovirals and antivirals that delay the progression and action of what virus? | HIV |
| When are antivirals most effectiv? | When the virus is replicating |
| What is the downside to antivirals? | The only work when the virus is replicating. Signs and symptoms usually only show up After replication leaving the drug less effective |
| Topical antivirals cause what on the patients skin? | Burning (educate patient not to remove from wound, the burn will go away) |
| acyclovir (Zovirax) | Antiviral for herpes 1 & 2 |
| What class of drugs can cause tolerence (have to take more) and dependence? | Opioid Narcotics |
| What are the adverse reactions to opioid narcotics? | Nausea, vomiting, constipation |
| What does the nurse need to watch with narcotic opioids? | Respirations <12 withhold and call doctor |
| What is a sign of overdose that a nurse can note becides decreased respirations? | pinpoint pupils |
| What is the overdose antagonist (antidote) for opioids? | naloxone (Narcan) |
| What opioid is for Nonproductive cough and is also considered an antitussive? | Codeine |
| What is an an antitussive that is used for nonproductive cough and is administered PO? | Vicodin |
| what is hydrocodone/tylenol? | Vicodin |
| What class is vicodin in? | Opioid narcotic |
| What is the advantage of taking Vicodin? | The tylenol decreases the amount of narcotic opioid in the drug |
| What opioid derived drug stops diarrhea by its adverse effect of constipation? | Lomotial |
| What is the advantage of non-narcotic opioids versus narcotic opioids? | Not abbused as much and not as much dependence on the drug |
| What are 3 classes of stimulants? | Amphetamines, Amphetamine likes, Analeptic |
| These are considered uppers that are antrexicants (appetite suppression)? | Amphetamines |
| What is the downside to using amphetamines? | Cause dependence, increase HR, and BP |
| What is an amphetamine like drug that treats both narcolepsy and ADHD? | Ritilian |
| What drug causes paradoxal affects (calms children) | Ritilian (amphetamine like drugs)... they stimulate adults |
| What is an analeptic? | caffiene (stimulant) |
| What are the drugs of Anticonvulsants? | BARB, HYDANTIOINS, BENZODIZAPAMS, Valproic Acid, Gabapentins |
| A sedative/hypnotic anticonvulsant (dose dependent) | phenobarbital |
| -toin | hydantions |
| phenytoin | Dilantin |
| What drug do you need to provide good oral care with to combat gum hyperplasia, an anticonvulsant? | phenytoin (Dilantin) a hydantion |
| What drug must must must have serum levels monitored? | hydantions, phenytoin (Dilantin) |
| This drug is used with an IV in an anticonvulsant emergency situation | Benzodizapams |
| What two benzodizapams are used in status epilepticus (emergency situations) | Vailum, Kolopin (benzodizapams) |
| Valproic Acid for anticonvulsants is also called | Depakote, Depakene |
| What anticonvulsant do you not drink milk with? | Depakote, Depakene (Valproic Acid) |
| What organ does toxicity of valproic acid (Depakote) affect? | Liver... Hepatoxic |
| What drug mellows the elder? | gabapentins (Nurontin).. an anticonvulsant |
| These sedative/hypnotics are dose dependent and can cause dependence; are also anticonvulsants | barbs, Phenobarbital most common |
| What are the CNS depressants? | sedative/hypnotics, benzodiazepams, non-benzodiazepams, analgesics, anticonvulsants, muskloskeletal, narcotic opioids |
| These drugs are minor tranquillizers | Benzodiazepams |
| These drugs are anxiolytics | Benzodiazepams (cut out anxiety) |
| What CNS depressants relieve pain? | Analgesics |
| Antipyretic, Antiinflammatory, Antiplatelet, Analgesic | Salicylates (aspirin) |
| Decrease dose for platelet aggregation properties to prevent CVA, TIA, MI | salicylates (aspirin) |
| Causes horrible GI distress | salicylates (aspirin) |
| Do not give this to patients with ulcers unless EC | salicylates (aspirin) |
| Do not give this to children <12 due to Reyes Syndrome | salicylates (aspirin) |
| Toxicity of this drug is Tinnitis | salicylates (aspirin) |
| What drug is a non-salicylate? | acetaminophen (Tylenol) |
| This drug doesnt cause GI distress, or Reyes syndrom | acetaminophen (Tylenol) |
| This drug is NOT antiplatelet, antiinflammatory | acetaminophen (Tylenol) |
| non-salicylate Tylenol doesn't have many side effects but if pt become toxic this can happen | Hepatotoxic (liver) |
| What are the three musclskeletal drugs that are CNS depressants? | NSAIDs, Relaxants, Antiparkinsons |
| NSAIDs consists of what drug when relieving muscles? | salicylates, non-salicylates |
| Give an example of a non-salicylate | Ibuprofen |
| This drug is not an antiplatelet, but adverse effect is prolonged bleeding | Ibuprofen (non-salicylate) |
| If you have an allergy to aspirin, what drug would you not want to take? | Ibprophen |
| These drugs act on the CNS (depressants) and many of them cause sedation | Skeletal muscle relaxants |
| These drugs can lead to death if taken with alcohol | Skeletal muscle relaxants |
| What drug do you have to tell patients that it is not a cure, but only controls symptoms | Antiparkinson drug taking patients |
| This drug causes orthostatic hypotension, psyc. problems (depression, confusion, psycho. behavior) | Levodopa |
| What drugs do you not want to take multivitamins with because vitamin B6 cancels it out)? | Levodopa |
| What is the combination of Levodopa and carbodopa to help Levodopa enter the brain faster? | Sinemet |
| What are the three GI drugs? | Antacids, Laxatives, Antidiarrheals, Emetics, Histamine H2 receptors Antagonist |
| What drug decreases GI motility which slows down gut? | Lomotil (opioiate activity) |
| What drug is an adsorbant that binds to diarrhea making it more solid | Kaopectate |
| What antidirrheal is actually an organism that increases the normal flora? | Lactobacillus |
| Ipacac makes you puke up what ever you took in that shouldn't be there (except for corrosives), this is considered an | Emetic |
| These drugs reduce ulcers by blocking hydrochloric acid by blocking H | Tagamet |
| These drugs are for the treatment of ulcers and GERD | Tagamet, Pepsid |
| What decreases the effectiveness of Tagamet? | smoking |
| What are the 5 cardiovascular drugs? | Cardiac Glycosides, B-blockers, Ca channel blockers, Nitrates, ACE inhibitors |
| These drugs treat CHF by increaseing force of contration, and decreaseing HR | Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin) |
| What does cardiac glycosides make better by increasing the force of contaction and decreasing the HR? | Better cardiac output |
| What drug starts with a large 1st does (loding dose) to get serum levels up. (Dose may by 0.75 mg 1x only | Digoxin |
| What is the typical dose of Digoxin once drug is established? | 0.25 mg/day |
| What do we want to monitor when taking Digoxin? | serum checked daily in hospital, then weekly then monthly: Hold drug if BP is <60 and call physician for instructions |
| The toxic effects of this drug are: headache, visual disturbances (yellowing, spots, floaters), anorexia, nausea, vomiting, confusion | Digoxin (cardiac glycoside) |
| What do diuretics do to Digoxin? | Toxicity increase due to the decrease of potassium |
| -olol | b-blockers |
| -alol | b-blockers |
| Antianginal, Antiarrhythmic, Antihypertensive | b-blockers (pat thought they were good) |
| What do we need to monitor if a patient is taking propranolol (Inderal) b-blockers? | <60 (withhold and notify physician), |
| A patient is Atenolol, what drug class does this belong to, and what does it do to the HR? | b-blocker (-olol); decreases HR |
| This drug is antianginal, antiarrhythmic | Ca channel blockers |
| -dipine | Ca channel blockers |
| Niphedipine (Norvasc) | Ca channel blockers |
| What do you intially do when a patient comes in with cardiac arrhythmias when you have Ca channel blockers? | Give drug in IV form to get the rhythum, then go to PO (with most antiarrhythmics) |
| Coronary vasodilation treatment of CAD, Antianginal | Nitrates (nitroglycerine) |
| This drug is sublingual and pt carries them and they have an immediate effect | Nitrostat (nitrates) |
| Nitrostat works well on anginal pain, but what do you need to tell the patient? | They will dilate other blood vessels causing headache, face flushing, BP drops (careful with hypotension). All goes away when drug reaches heart |
| What type of Nitro has less symptoms? | Transdermal (wear gloves) |
| What type of substance does one avoid when taking nitrates due to vasoconstriciton that works against nitro? | Tobacco |
| -pril | ACE |
| Lisinopril | ACE |
| What durg dilates periperal blood vessels | Lisinopril |
| What needs to be normal when administering Lisinopril (ACE) | Kideny functions |
| What will the -pril drugs do? | Drops BP (Lisinopril; ACE) |
| 1/3 of elders will develop cough with this drug | Lisinopril (ACE) |
| What class of drugs are antiadrenergic (against stimulation; adrenline) | Antihypertensives |
| Catapres is in what class | Antihypertensives |
| chloronide HCL (Catapres) works on the CNS making a patient | Drowsey and decrease BP |
| Antihypertensives warn patients about reading what | The OTC labels, many are contraindicated with them |
| In the elderly Catapres can cause what in elderly? | Postural hypotension |
| If you have a blood clot use | Anticoagulants |
| How are anticoagulants administered? | IV-->subq-->PO |
| What interferes with prothrombin-->thrombin? | Heparin |
| What anticoagulant is not effective orally? | Heparin |
| What is the preferred route of Heparin? | subq |
| Why is Heparin administered IM not good? | The muscle is too vascular you may get bleeding |
| What do you monitor with Heparin? | PTT (partial thromboplatin time) |
| You are having an overdose of Heparin, what do you administer? | Protime Sulfate |
| This drug only comes in subq | Levenox (LMWH) |
| This drug is a preventative fore DVT and PE (example premature labor and have history of DVT) | Levenox (LMWH) |
| This drug is used as a preventative given before joint and abdominal surgery to prevent post op complications like DVT | Levenox (LMWH) |
| Is an ingredient in Decon, (rat poision) | Coumadin |
| This drug interferes with synthesis of vitamin K in the clotting process | Coumadin |
| Protime/INR are the ways to monitor this drug | Coumadin |
| This is an oral anticoagulant | Coumadin |
| What is the antidote for Coumadin? | vitamin K |
| What can cancel out coumadin? | Vitamin K, watch your greens |
| Plavix is what class | Antiplatelet |
| What does Plavix prevent? | MI, CVA, TIA |
| What are the two drugs that are antiplatelets | Plavix, and aspirin |
| Antihistamines are used for | Nasal allergies, seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic rxns., motion sickness |
| What is the overall effect of antihistamines | dries you out |
| Dramanine patches are used for | motions sickness |
| What are the adverse effects of antihistamines? | drowsiness, CNS depression if taken with alcohol, narcotics or sedatives |
| Tylenol has what in it that can make you drowsy? | Benadryl |
| A clinical sedative that makes you drowsey at bedtime and sometimes nauseated? | Benadryl |
| What are the 6 respiratory drugs? | Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, Expectorants, Bronchodilators |
| What drug constricts the nasal mucosa? | Decongestants |
| What form of decongestant causes nasal rebound congestion? | Nasal spray (Flonaise, Sudafed) |
| What supresses nonproductive cough? | Antitussives |
| What is an example of an Antitussive that suppreses nonproductive cough? | Codiene |
| guaifenesin (Mucinex) and iodinated glycerol, potassium iodide are all | Expectorants |
| These drugs losen bronchial secretions for productive cough | Expectorants |
| A patient should take what when taking expectorants? | FlUID to help break up secretions |
| What are the 3 types of bronchodilators? | Adrenergics (like adrenline), Xanthines, Glucocorticoids |
| Epinephrine is what | Bronchodilator used in emergencies to open up passageways for asthma, allergies etc. |
| What happens when you use bronchodilators like Epinephrine? | Increased BP, Increased P, pt may complain of palpitaitons |
| Albuterol is used in most patients for what? | Bronchodilation |
| This bronchodilator effects the CNS and you need to watch the P and tachycardia | Xanthines (bronchodilators) |
| -phylline | bronchodilators |
| Theophyilline (Theo-Dur) | bronchodilator/smooth muscle relaxant? |
| These are bronchodilators that are antiinflammatory in the ungs and bronchial passageways | Glucocorticoids |
| -one | Glucocorticoids |
| The long term effects are fluid retention, increased blood glucose, impaired immune response due to inflammatory effects | Glucocorticoids |
| This is used short term PO when in danger with huge asthma for around 10 days | Glucocorticoids |
| Prednisone, Cortisone, dexamthasone | Glucocorticoids |
| What drug has less side effects when inhaled | Glucocorticoids |
| These remove water and sodium from the body's ECF (most of them) | Diuretics |
| A diuretic that reduces K, and Na | Thiazides |
| -thiazide | Thiazide diuretics |
| hydrochlorothiazide | HCTZ a thiazide |
| These are used first as antihyptertensives | Thiazide diuretics |
| These reduce K, but increase blood glucose | Loop diuretics |
| If you are allergic to sulfa, you may be allergic to this | Lasix |
| These diuretics are not very potent | K sparing diuretics |
| What two diuretics are combo diuretics to balance K levels | K sparing (Aldactone) and thiazide (HCTZ) |
| Aldactone | K sparing diuretics |
| Aldactathiazide | Combo of potassium spairng (Aldactone) and thiazide (HCTZ) |
| This diuretic is used to decrease ICP, acute renal failure by removing or pulling water out | Osmotic diuretic |
| acetazolamide is | Diamox Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor |
| This diuretic is mild and reduces intraocular pressure because it is attracted to the eye; used before eye surgery | acetazolamie (Dimaox) |
| What diuretic prevents brain expansion? | Osmotic diuretic |
| What is the most important with OTCs | Patient education due to drug interactions |
| Levodopa interacts with what OTC? | B6 |
| If you have HTN, what do you want to do with OTCs | follow labels, as they can increase BP |
| OTCs should be used for | short term, common minor illnesses |
| If symptoms continue for over a week what should the patient do? | see a doctor |
| Do herbals have to prove their safety and effectiveness even though they are regulated by the government? | NO |
| Are herbals harmless? | NO they cause rxns. just like prescriptions |
| What can herbal topicals cause? | Dermatitis, systemic (nephritis) |
| What is contraindicated with herbals? | renal, liver, cardiac, platelet/clotting, CVA, cerebral bleeding, increase BP, ulcers or old GI bleed |
| Ginsing will do what? | Increase BP |
| St. John's Wart will do what? | Increase seizures |
| This herbal is antiplatelet, anticoagulant and interacts with NSAIDs, Salycilates, and hypoglycemic agents | Garlic |
| Prempro | HRT |
| What do you take with HRT to prevent GI upset? | Food |
| If on HRT educate pt on monthly | breast self exams, and report immediately any lumps, or bumps |
| What should the patient report immediately when taking HRT? | breast lumps and bumps, or chest and leg pain (clots) |
| What two things can increase DVT with HRT? | HRT and smoking |
| With HRT report a weight gain of | 5 lbs/week; 2 lbs/24 hours increase |
| What can happen if a patient is out in the sun when taking HRT? | sunburn, wear sunscreen |
| Does HRT prevent CAD and osteoperosis? | Still not fully established |
| alendronate sodium | Fosamax (biphophonates) |
| Who is osteoperosis more common in? | Women |
| Biophosphonates (Fosamax) is given in what form? | Oral |
| Fosamax is a non- | estrogen, hormonal |
| Fosamax must be given when and with what? | 1st thing in the morning, with a full glass of water, or it will eat the esophagus |
| How long do you have to stay upright when taking Fosamax of osteoperosis? | 30 minutes after taking |
| What are the two drug types for osteoperosis? | Calcintonin, Biphosphonates |
| The great thing about this drug for osteoperosis is that the forms are___, ____ and has | Nasal Sprays, Injectables and has very few side effects |
| Miacalcin | Calcintonin hormonal substitute for osteoperosis |
| What do we not give with nitrates because they can bottom out BP | Viagra (sildenafil Citrate) |
| Caution this with CAD or heart issues | Viagra (sildenafil citrate) |
| This is given to women with mestatic breast cancer to get rid of the estrogen feeding breast tissue | Halotestin (fluoxymesterone) |
| This drug causes male characertistics because it is a male hormone, but used for women for breast cancer | Halotestin |
Created by:
Cinderelle
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