1. Differentiate between archaea and bacteria

The cell walls of the eubacteria contain peptidoglycan, but the cell walls archaebacteria don't.

2. List 3 functions that the capsule that surrounds prokaryotes have.

The capsule helps it attach to structures, protects it from antibiotics, and helps it from drying out.

3. Name three general shapes of bacteria and give specific names for each.

Spherical= Cocci Rod-Shaped= Bacilli Spiral-shaped= Spirochetes

4. List the three subgroups of extremophiles and describe the type of environment they live in.

Thermoacidophiles- Live in hot, acidic environments. Halophiles- live in very salty environments. Methanogens- cannot live in the presence of oxygen.

5. Why would doctors need to know if bacteria might have a gram positive or gram negative stain?

Dyes added to the bacteria identify those with and those without an outer layer of lipid.

6. Explain two method of bacterial reproduction.

Binary Fission- Division of a cell into two genetically identical cells. Conjugation- Two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information.

7. Explain one survival mechanism of a bacteria on the individual level.

Movement-Prokaryotic flagella are made of filaments. The prokaryotes need the flagella to move on an individual level.

8. Explain one survival mechanism of bacteria on a population level.

Bacteria use mutation to survive on population levels because mutation helps them reproduce quickly and their population grows rapidly. Also the mutations lead to new characteristics and genes that can help them survive.

9. Describe 3 ways bacteria can be beneficial.

The Ecology of Bacteria is beneficial to us. Bacteria are decomposers, returning vital nutrients to the environments. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen so that contributes to our environment. Lastly, bacteria helps makes important foods and medicines.

10. Explain in detail why viruses are not living.

Viruses do not have cells nor are they cells. They cannot replicate on their own and they cannot move. They also cannot make proteins.

11. How are viruses classified?

They are not classified like living things are but they are classified by their origin.

12. Describe one disease caused by a prion.

Mad cow disease is made by prions. It affects the nervous system and the host loses control of its body.

13. Summarize the lytic cycle.

The Host Cell makes many copies of the viral RNA or DNA. It causes an active infection. Ex. Stomach virus or flu.

14. Summarize the lysogenic cycle.

Viral DNA inserts into chromosomes in a host cell. It is a dormant but will later become active. Ex. Herpes

15. Summarize the retrovirus cycle.

Viruses have RNA instead of DNA. It attacks human T4 cells. It lies dormant and becomes active later. Ex. HIV

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CS Chapter 18 review

Chapter 18 test questions

Question	Answer
1. Differentiate between archaea and bacteria	The cell walls of the eubacteria contain peptidoglycan, but the cell walls archaebacteria don't.
2. List 3 functions that the capsule that surrounds prokaryotes have.	The capsule helps it attach to structures, protects it from antibiotics, and helps it from drying out.
3. Name three general shapes of bacteria and give specific names for each.	Spherical= Cocci Rod-Shaped= Bacilli Spiral-shaped= Spirochetes
4. List the three subgroups of extremophiles and describe the type of environment they live in.	Thermoacidophiles- Live in hot, acidic environments. Halophiles- live in very salty environments. Methanogens- cannot live in the presence of oxygen.
5. Why would doctors need to know if bacteria might have a gram positive or gram negative stain?	Dyes added to the bacteria identify those with and those without an outer layer of lipid.
6. Explain two method of bacterial reproduction.	Binary Fission- Division of a cell into two genetically identical cells. Conjugation- Two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic information.
7. Explain one survival mechanism of a bacteria on the individual level.	Movement-Prokaryotic flagella are made of filaments. The prokaryotes need the flagella to move on an individual level.
8. Explain one survival mechanism of bacteria on a population level.	Bacteria use mutation to survive on population levels because mutation helps them reproduce quickly and their population grows rapidly. Also the mutations lead to new characteristics and genes that can help them survive.
9. Describe 3 ways bacteria can be beneficial.	The Ecology of Bacteria is beneficial to us. Bacteria are decomposers, returning vital nutrients to the environments. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen so that contributes to our environment. Lastly, bacteria helps makes important foods and medicines.
10. Explain in detail why viruses are not living.	Viruses do not have cells nor are they cells. They cannot replicate on their own and they cannot move. They also cannot make proteins.
11. How are viruses classified?	They are not classified like living things are but they are classified by their origin.
12. Describe one disease caused by a prion.	Mad cow disease is made by prions. It affects the nervous system and the host loses control of its body.
13. Summarize the lytic cycle.	The Host Cell makes many copies of the viral RNA or DNA. It causes an active infection. Ex. Stomach virus or flu.
14. Summarize the lysogenic cycle.	Viral DNA inserts into chromosomes in a host cell. It is a dormant but will later become active. Ex. Herpes
15. Summarize the retrovirus cycle.	Viruses have RNA instead of DNA. It attacks human T4 cells. It lies dormant and becomes active later. Ex. HIV

Created by: christopher shaddock

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