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Vocab ARCC Bio Ch4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells, all cells come from division of pre-existing cells, and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring |
| Cytoplasm | Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane |
| Organelle | Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell |
| Nucleus | Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's DNA |
| Plasma Membrane | A cell's outermost membrane |
| Surface-to-Volume Ratio | A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square |
| Biofilm | Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime |
| Cell Wall | Semi-rigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells |
| Flagellum | Long, slender cellular structure used for motility inside a bacterium of archaeon |
| Nucleoid | Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium of archaeon |
| Pilus | Protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacteria and archaea |
| Ribosome | Organelle of protein synthesis |
| Plasmid | Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea |
| Central Vacuole | Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells |
| Endomembrane System | Series of interacting organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins. |
| Golgi Body | Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles |
| Lysosome | Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion |
| Peroxisome | Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids; fatty acids, and toxic substances |
| Vacuole | A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials |
| Vesicle | Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle' different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents |
| Chloroplast | Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists |
| Mitochondrion | Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes |
| Plastid | Category of double-membraned organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in storage or photosynthesis, e.g., chloroplast, and amyloplast |
| Chromatin | Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins |
| Chromosome | A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross. |
| Nucleolus | In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled |
| Nucleoplasm | Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope |
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