Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Min Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diamond - Native Element | C |
| Graphite - Native Element | C |
| Pyrite - Sulfide | FeS2 |
| Chalcopyrite - Sulfide | CuFeS2 |
| Galena - Sulfide | PbS |
| Sphalerite - Sulfide | ZnS |
| Hematite - Oxide | Fe2O3 |
| Magnetite - Oxide | Fe3O4 |
| Corundum - Oxide | Al2O3 |
| Ilmenite - Oxide | FeTiO3 |
| Rutile - Oxide | TiO2 |
| Halite - Halide | NaCl |
| Fluorite - Halide | CaF2 |
| Calcite - Carbonate | CaCO3 |
| Aragonite - Carbonate | CaCO3 |
| Siderite - Carbonate | FeCO3 |
| Dolomite - Carbonate | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| What is a mineral? | a naturally occurring crystalline solid with a definite, but not necessarily fixed, chemical composition |
| What is a crystalline solid? | repeating crystal structure, dictated by cations and anions |
| Why do we have so few minerals (compared to animal species)? | they’re fundamental building blocks. there are a finite number of ways in which cations and anions can combine in order to form minerals |
| How do we know about the chemical composition of the earth? | Composition of the Sun, Composition of chondrites, Clues from seismology |
| What is the relative composition of crust? | • Oxygen 46% • Silicon 28% • Aluminum 8% • Iron 5% • Calcium 4% |
| What are the most common minerals in the Earth’s crust? | • Plagioclase feldspar • Quartz • K-feldspar • Pyroxene • Mica • Amphibole • Clay • Olivine |
| What are the major crustal elements? | -O -Si -Al -Fe -Ca -Na -K -Mg |
| What are the siderophile (iron-loving) elements? | • Fe Co Ni • Ru Rh Pd • Re Os Ir Pt Au • Mo Ge Sn C P • (Pb) (As) (W) |
| What are the chalcophone (sulfur-loving) elements? | • Cu Ag (Au) • Zn Cd Hg • Ga In Tl • (Ge) (Sn) Pb • As Ab Bi • S Se Te • (Fe) (Mo) (Re) |
| What are the lithophile (crust-loving?) elements? | • Li Na K Rb Cs • Be Mg Ca Sr Ba • B Al Sc Y REE • (C) Si Ti Zr Hf Th • (P) V Nb Ta • O Cr W U • (Fe) Mn • F Cl Br I • (H) (Tl) (Ga) (Ge) (N) |
| Common cations (lose electrons, positive charge) include... | H, Li, C, N, Na, Mg, P |
| Common anions (gain electrons, negative charge) include... | O, F, S, Cl, |
| Properties of Ionic bonding include... | • electron transfer • one gets a positive charge, one gets a negative charge, they’re attracted to one another • medium to hard • high symmetry • fully to partially transparent • highly water soluble |
| Properties of Covalent bonding include... | • electron sharing • very hard • high melting temperature • low symmetry • brittle, often break by conchoidal fracture |
| Properties of Metallic bonding include... | • electrons aren’t linked, free to move • this is why they’re good conductors • not water soluble • variable hardness and breaking • highly symmetrical and opaque |
| Properties of Hydrogen bonding include... | • fairly weak bond • has to do with polarity |
| Properties of Van der Waals bonding include... | • at any given moment, there may be a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other side • one of the weakest bonds, between sheets |
| Common Cation charges | • Si 4+ • Ti 4+ • Al 3+ • Fe 2+,3+ o Ferrous 2+ o Ferric 3+ • Mg 2+ • Mn 2+ • Ca 2+ • Na 1+ • K 1+ • P 5+ |
| Common Anion charges | • O 2- • S 2- • (OH) 1- o (ClH)- o (FH)- |
| Coordination | the number of nearest neighbors (ions in contact) to any ion |
| What is the formula for radius ratio? | radius of cation/radius of anion |
| What factors affect atomic radius? | Increase in charge (decreases radius), Increase in coordination (increases radius), Increase in temperature (increases radius), Increase in atomic number (decreases radius, unless you are also adding shells) |
| How do we think we know elemental abundances? | • taking samples • analyzing glacial lakes (mechanical weathering) • analyzing loess (windblown sediment) • research literature |
| How did Goldschmidt come up with his classification scheme? | siderophile, chalcophile, lithophile, atmophile. Based on greeks? |
| How are minerals classified? | chemical composition & anion group |
| What are the types of packing? | hexagonal closest packing, cubic closest packing |
| How do you calculate bond strength? | charge/coordination # |
| Cubic closest packing examples | tetrahedral or octahedral |
| How do you figure out coordination number? | NaCl: each Na surrounded by 6 Cl (CN=6) |
| Hexagonal closest packing | ABABABABABABAB stacking Arrangement of equal size spheres |
| Cubic closest packing | ABCABCABCABCABCABC stacking |
| Types of insterstitial holes? | o Trigonal hole o Tetrahedral hole o Octahedral hole |
| Pauling's rule 1 | • a coordination polyhedron of anions is formed about each cation, the cation-anion distance being determined by the radius sum and the coordination number of the cation by the radius ratio |
| Pauling's rule 2 | • The electrostatic valency principle, or bond strength – in a stable crystal structure, the total strength of the valency bonds that reach an anion from all the neighboring cations is equal to the charge of the anion |
| Pauling's rule 3 | • The existence of edges, and particularly of faces, common to two anion polyhedra in a coordinated structure reduces its stability |
| Pauling's rule 4.1 | • In a crystal containing different cations, those of high valency and small coordination tend not to share polyhedral elements with each other, and when they do, |
| Pauling's rule 4.2 | the shared edges contract (to put more negative charge between the cations), and the cations are displaced from their polyhedral centers, away from the shared edge or face |
| The principle of parsimony | the number of essentially different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small, because, characteristically there are only a few types of contrasting cation and anion sites |
| Isodesmic | all the bond strengths are the same (halite) |
| anisodesmic | all the bond strengths are not uniform (carbonates, sulfates) |
| mesodesmic | the bond strength between the cation and the anion equals exactly half of the charge of the…? |
| Siderophile | metallic (core) |
| Chalcophile | sulfide (core and sulfide ore deposits) |
| Lithophile | silicates and oxides (crust and mantle) |
Created by:
haleyBUGoxox
Popular Earth Science sets