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UGA Anthropology1101
Kelley
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kinship | how humans classify themselves (and others); an emic classification of relatedness. Includes biological relatives and fictive kin Determines membership in decent groups |
| Fictive kin | non-biologically based kinship |
| Decent groups | kin based corporate group that organizes people and resources |
| apical ancestor | (the top) Decent is traced from one common ancestor |
| Demonstrated decent | lineage—members can recite the names of the forebears in each generation from the apical ancestor through the present |
| Stipulated decent | clan |
| Biological kinship construction | based on biological decent and relatedness: by blood |
| Cultural kinship construct | based on society’s definition, may include distant and/or fictive kin depends on the culture who is included |
| Kinship reckoning/kin terms | words used for different relatives in a particular language |
| Genealogical kin type | the actual genealogical relationship |
| Nuclear family | consists of parents and children, normally living together in the same household. Lasts as long as the parents stay together |
| Matrilineal | kinship is traced through the mother; children join the mother’s group at birth and remain a member for life |
| Patrilineal | traced through father; automatically belongs to the father’s group |
| Ambilineal | members can choose lineage, no one is automatically excluded |
| Lineal reckoning | paternal generation kin terminology with four terms: same term for father brother and mother brother and same for mother sister and father sister EXAMPLE: the united states |
| Bifurcate merging kinship | mother and mother sister called the same term, father and father brother share the same term; mother brother and father sister are called by different terms EXAMPLE: Cherokee |
| Generational kin ship | two terms for parental generation: one for mother, mother sister, father sister; another for father, father brother, and mother brother EXAMPLE: Kalahari San |
| Linage vs. Clan | members of clans state their decadence, but do not biologically trace genealogical links. Lineage is based on demonstrated decent. |
| Benefits of kin membership | food, power, ritual, law, residence, and inheritance |
| Exogamy | rule requiring people to marry outside their own group |
| Endogamy | rule/practice of marriage between people of the same social group |
| Monogamy | the taking of one spouse, one relationship |
| Pologamy | multiple spouces; multiple simultaneous relationships= plural marriage |
| Polyandry | plural marriage when woman takes more than one husband |
| Polgyny | man takes more than one wife |
| Postmerital residence | Matrilocal, Patrilocal, Ambilocal, or Neolocal |
| Matrilocal | couple moves to wife’s mother’s community; children are raised in mother’s community |
| Patrilocal | couple moves to husbands father’s community; children raised in dad’s community |
| Ambilocal | couple chooses between the mother and the father’s community |
| Neolocal | couple establishes a new place of residence= “home of their own” |
| Bridewealth | compensation given to the brides decent group for loss of progeny |
| Dowry | compensates the husband’s family for privilege of interfamilial relationships |
| Social organization as adaptation to natural environment: | (blank) |
| Cherokee | Economy: labor-intensive maize agriculture Key resources: narrow floodplains, female laborers Clans: matrilineal Inheritance: matrilineal Marriage: monogamy, exogamous Postmerital residence: matrilocal Allegiances: large political alliances |
| Nuer | Economy: cattle herdingKey resources: cattleClans: polygyny, if men can pay progeny priceInheritance: patrilinealMarriage: patrilinealPostmerital residence: patrilocalAllegiances: segmentary organization |
| Pahari | Economy: land-intensive agriculture Key resources: small fields Inheritance: traditionally patrilineal; land subdivided equally among son’s household Marriage: monogamy; fraternal polyandry Allegiances: limited |
| Kalahari San | Economy: foraging Key resources: no heritable resources Clans: none Naming system: everyone is kin- generational Inheritance: none but access to water holes Marriage: monogamous Postmerital residence: neolocal Allegiances: integrated, egalitarian |
| Subsistence | source from which food and other items necessary for existence are obtained; Controls population growth and impacts the technology that is required for survival. Has enormous ecological ramifications. |
| Sociopolitical systems must be looked at as a whole. Why? | Ecological, socio-cultural, political, and economic systems can not be understood independently of one another. |
| “Primitive Peoples” | not living fossils, but they challenge our notion of progress- shows that human evolution is not progressive or linear |
| 5 ways of making a living | Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoral herding, Agriculture, and Industrialism |
| Foraging | getting food directly from nature, oldest form of subsistence, influenced by the evolutionary development of our species |
| Horticulture | shifting cultivation- slash and burn- oldest form of agriculture, non mechanized form of agriculture |
| Pastoral herding | food producing strategy of adaptation based on care of herds of domesticated animals |
| Agriculture | agrarian, intensive use of land and labor, continuous cultivation. Low tech |
| Industrialism | highly capitalized, high tech production |
| Intensive strategies | intensive use of land and labor, continuous cultivation- low tech, requires lots of land |
| Extensive strategies | sheep and cattle farming in areas with low agricultural productivity. Heavily dependent on input |
| Inuit Eskimo Case Study | modern hunters and gatherer: Subsistence food economy underpins their society. Whaling acting as a socially binding force. Subsistence as vital to the emotional well-being of the community. Subsistence economy embodies traditional values and beliefs, sub |
| AG Anth | the comprehensive, holistic, and temporal study of humans and their interaction with the environment. Emphasis on food production on a global scale to improve world wide production of food and fiber. |
| Ethnoecology | the study of how all different people utilize and interpret their knowledge of their environmental domain- parallel to biological sciences and ecology. |
| Green revolution | bringing western industrial agriculture to the third world in order to feed the starving masses. With the idea that peasants are rational decision makers so all they need is some modern inputs to accelerate crop yield. |
| Upside to green revolution | debatable increase in production |
| Downside to green revolution | uneven development and increased social stratification. Detrimental to the ecology of the farm land. |
| Anthropology OF agriculture | describes agricultural societies in terms of evolutionary types, level of energy use, intensification, and comparative environmental adaptations |
| Anthropology IN agriculture | the use of anthropological methods to improve the methods of and surrounding agriculture |
| Reasons for maintaining heirloom vegetables in Appalachia and the Sierra Madre | although utilitarian reasons for agrobiodiversity maintenance are important, cultural reasons for the persistence of folk crop varieties may be more important from the perspective of farmers themselves |
| Characteristics of Sustainable agriculture | focus on environmentally friendly and culturally sensitive systems of agriculture characterized by high biological diversity, local organic inputs, horizontal and fair trade markets, and human rights. Allows local farmers to maintain traditional lifestyl |
| Neolithic revolution | domestication of plants and animals, in 7 different, independent places over thousands of years |
| 7 places where food production was independently invented | Middle East, South China, North China, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Mexico, South Central Andes, and the Eastern US |
| Middle East | domesticated wheat, barley, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs earliest date: 10,000 |
| South China | domesticated rice, water buffalo, dogs, pigs earliest date: 8,500-6,500 |
| North China | domesticated millet, dogs, pigs, chickens earliest date: 7,500 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | domesticated sorghum, pearl millet, African rice earliest date: 4,000 |
| Central Mexico | domesticated maize, beans, squash, dogs, turkeys earliest date: 4,700 |
| South Central Andes | domesticated potato, quinoa, beans, camelids, guinea pigs earliest date: 4,500 |
| Eastern US | domesticated goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflower, squash earliest date: 4,500 |
| Domestication | the process by which humans gain control over the reproduction of certain plants and animal species-through genetic modification, through selective breeding, ordering of environments. |
| Old world domestication | domestication of animals (sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, water buffalo, dogs, chickens), staple crops (wheat, millet, sorghum, rice, barley), and lentils, peas, and chickpeas Resulted in: Genetic modifications, Population growth, Spread of farming t |
| New world domestication | domestication of animals (llamas, dogs, alpacas, turkeys, and guinea pigs), caloric staple crops (maize, potatoes, manioc [cassava]), and beans, squash, goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflower, and quinoa. Transition from: Nomadic foraging to the beginnings of |
| Sedentism | the stabilization of people groups, stay in one area. Result of intensive agriculture where large farm areas form and yield crops for long periods of time. A consequence of a particular mode of obtaining food- agriculture. |
| Natufians | widespread Middle Eastern culture dated between 12,500 and 10,500 b.p.; subsisted on intensive wild cereal collecting and gazelle hunting and had year-round villages. |
| Domestication in Fertile Crescent vs Mexico | Mexico demonstrated new world domestication tactics, while the fertile crescent used old world. |
| Redistribution | major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies—when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center |
| managed economies | when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center |
| Reciprocity | one of the three principles of exchange; governs exchange between social equals; major exchange mode in band and tribal societies. |
| Generalized Exchange | exchange between closely related individuals. An exchange is made with no expectation of anything in return |
| Balanced Exchange | an exchange between people who are more distantly related that are members of the same band or household. |
| Negative Exchange | an exchange with someone outside or on the fringe of their social systems. A way of establishing friendly relations with outsiders. Involves the attempt to get something for as little as possible in return, even if one must be dishonest or cheat. |
| Band | basic unit of social organization among foragers. A band includes fewer than 100 people; often splits up seasonably |
| Tribe | based on horticulture or pastorilism. Socioeconomic stratification and central rule are absent, no means of enforcing political decisions |
| Chiefdom | intermediate between tribe and the state; kin based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure |
| State | based on a central government and socioeconomic stratification- a division of society into classes |
| Egalitarian | society most typically found among hunter-gatherers; lacks status distinctions except for those based on age, gender, and individual qualities, talents, and achievements |
| Stratified | class structured; stratified societies have marked differences in wealth, prestige, and power between social classes |
| Horticulture vs. agriculture | both nonindustrial; horticulture is low tech, low maintenance where land may lay fallow for a long period of time; agriculture requires continuous and intensive use of land and labor |
| Minute men | activist organization started in april 2005; monitor the us-Mexican border’s flow of illegal immigrants—“citizens neighborhood watch” over our border |
| Humane borders | offers water stations in high moving areas along the border- have 70 stations |
| Immigration policy | deals with the transit of persons across its borders |
| Enforcement policy | makes rules for enforcing immigration rules |
| Globalization | accelerating interdependence of nations in world systems linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems; the interconnectedness of the world, every aspect |
| History of globalization | term first used in the 1980’s= goes back to the silk road and slave trade—officially began during the Enclosure Movement in England (1750-1860: privatization of land) |
| Economic globalization | perpetual economic growth premised of free trade --rapid world growth, buying and selling of services—requires little to no resources. Seen as a solution to global poverty and environmental degradation; growth has risen drastically but quality of living |
| Free Trade | wages and production conditions determined by market forces; reduction or elimination of tariffs (taxes on imported goods) |
| Players in free trade | The corporation, IMF (international monetary fund), World bank, WTO (world trade organization) and GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade)[became the WTO in 1994], NAFTA (north American free trade agreement) |
| Fair Trade | producers guarantee a fair/just wage |
| Global and US wealth distribution | concentrated in north America, western Europe, and Australia |
| Article 27 | Mexican government changed its constitution to gain the support of US and Canada for NAFTA |
| Ejido | privatizes communal agricultural lands |
| IMF/World Bank/ Bretton Woods | 1944- resulted in privatization; countries receiving aid money (SAPs) must meet the set conditions: reduce public spending, open markets for foreign imports, produce domestic goods for export |
| SAPs | structural adjustment programs |
| Colonialism | the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time. |
| Development- | (blank) |
| Colonies | Settled colonies or Extractive colonies: Majority of colonies Natural resources Agricultural products |
| Progress/white man’s burdon | the notion that all human societies go through the same stages, savagery, barbarism, and civilization, but some have “progressed” more than others. Cultural roots of progress go back to the enlightenment, missionization- bringing “progress” to other coun |
| Cultural imperialism | when acculturation continues against the wishes and interests of the less powerful culture |
| Neo colonialism | modern day colonization |
| Environmental/ecological ANTH | human-environment interaction through space and time |
| Historical ecology | interdisciplinary study of: Landscape change through space and time, where: “landscape”= the spatial manifestation of relations between humans and their environment |
| “landscape” | the spatial manifestation of relations between humans and their environment |
| Political ecology | linkage between power and social/environmental conditions.—those in power shape the ways in which we all interact with our environment (to some degree) and therefore the environment itself. |
| Conservations of what | biological diversity, ecological processes, and others. |
| “Wilderness” | anglo construct, what westerners deem as the wild |
| Yellowstone | worlds first nat’l park: 1872- forced removal of indigenous inhabitants, but we will never know how they impacted the wilderness |
| Sarengeti | same as Yellowstone, only in Africa |
| Masai | Kenyan warrior tribe, semi-nomadic: “wilderness” and its people |
| Community-based conservation (CBC) | encourage and empower locals to share in decision making; maintain local access to natural resources. |
| CAMPFIRE | communal areas management program for indigenous resources—Zimbabwe (1980s) Anthropology links conservation to social development and uses ethnography |
| ICDP | integrated conservation and development program |
| Stakeholders | something |
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amaley
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