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Hector Bio 101
Bio Chapters 1 through 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A cell is mostly | water |
| Other then H20 the rest of the cell consists mainly of | carbon-based molecules |
| _____ are carbon-based molecules | Organic compounds |
| Carbon is a _______ atom | versatile |
| Carbon has ____ in an outer shell that holds ______. | A) Four electron B) Eight |
| True of False- Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds | True |
| Carbon can use its bonds to ______ and _____. | A) Attach to other carbons B)Form an endless diversity of carbon skeltons |
| The simplest organic compounds are | hydrocarbons |
| ______ are organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms | hydrocarbons |
| The simplest hydrocarbon is | methane |
| ______ of fat molecules fuel our bodies | Hydrocarbons |
| Each type of organic molecule has a unique | three-dimensional shape. |
| The shapes of organic molecules relate to | their functions |
| The unique properties of an organic compound depend on____ and ______ | A) Its carbon skeleton B) The atoms attached to the skeleton |
| The groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions are called | functional groups |
| Two common examples of functional groups are | A) Hydroxyl groups B)Carboxyl groups |
| On a molecular scale, many of life’s molecules are gigantic, earning the name | macromolecules |
| Three categories of macromolecules are | A)Carbohydrates B)Proteins C)Nucleic acids |
| Most macromolecules are | polymers |
| Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called | monomers |
| A dehydration reaction ______ and ________. | A)Links two monomers together B)Removes a molecule of water |
| Organisms also have to break down | macromolecule |
| What three things does Hydrolysis do | A)Breaks bonds between monomers B)Adds a molecule of water C)Reverses the dehydration reaction |
| There are four categories of large molecules in cells | A)Carbohydrates B)Lipids C)Proteins D)Nucleic acids |
| _________ are sugars or sugar polymers | Carbohydrates |
| __________________ are simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars | Monosaccharides |
| Common Examples of Monosaccharides | Glucose in sports drinks and Fructose found in fruit |
| Glucose and fructose are _______,molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures | isomers |
| ___________ are the main fuels for cellular work | Monosaccharides |
| In aqueous solutions, many monosaccharides form | rings |
| What is: -A double sugar -Constructed from two monosaccharides -Formed by a dehydration reaction | A disaccharide |
| Disaccharides include | -Lactose in milk -Maltose in beer, malted milk shakes, and malted milk ball candy -Sucrose in table sugar |
| What is: -The main carbohydrate in plant sap -Rarely used as a sweetener in processed foods | Sucrose |
| ________ is made by a commercial process that converts natural glucose in corn syrup to much sweeter fructose | High-fructose corn syrup |
| Polysaccharides are | -Complex carbohydrates -Made of long chains of sugar units and polymers of monosaccharides |
| The Process of making high-froctose corn syrup is | A)Starch B)Glucose C)Fructose |
| What is A familiar example of a polysaccharide and Used by plant cells to store energy | Starch |
| _____ and ______ are major sources of starch in the human diet | A) Potatoes B) Grains |
| What is Used by animals cells to store energy and Converted to glucose when it is needed | Glycogen |
| What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, Forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants and Cannot be broken apart by most animals | Cellulose |
| Monosaccharides and disaccharides ______ readily in water | dissolve |
| ________ does not dissolve readily in water | Cellulose |
| Almost all carbohydrates are | hydrophilic or or “water-loving,” |
| What are Neither macromolecules nor polymers and Hydrophobic, unable to mix with water | Lipids |
| ________ consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via a dehydration reaction | A typical fat, or triglyceride |
| Fats perform essential functions in the human body including | A) Energy storage B) Cushioning C) Insulation |
| If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has Fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens, it is | unsaturated |
| If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has The maximum number of hydrogens | saturated |
| What has Have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids,Can easily stack, tending to be solid at room temperature and Contribute to atherosclerosis, a condition in which lipid-containing plaques build up within the walls of blood vessels | Most animal fats |
| What: -Adds hydrogen -Converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats -Makes liquid fats solid at room temperature -Creates trans fat, a type of unsaturated fat that is even less healthy than saturated fats | Hydrogenation |
| ______ The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings and vary in the functional groups attached to this core set of rings. | Steroids |
| What is A key component of cell membranes and The “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone | Cholesterol |
| What is -Polymers constructed from amino acid monomers -Perform most of the tasks the body needs to function -Form enzymes, chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process | Proteins |
| Five MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS are | A)Structural Proteins B)Storage Proteins C)Contractile Proteins D)Transport Proteins E)Enzymes |
| All proteins are constructed from a common set of 20 kinds of | amino acids |
| Each amino acid consists of a _______ bonded to four _______partners in which three of those attachment groups are common to all amino acids | A)central carbon atom B) covalent |
| Cells link amino acids together by dehydration reactions, forming______ and creating long chains of amino acids called _______ | A)peptide bonds B)polypeptides |
| The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein is its | primary structure. |
| A functional protein consists of one or more ___________, precisely folded and coiled into a molecule of unique shape | polypeptide chains |
| _______ consisting of One polypeptide have three levels of structure and More than one polypeptide chain have a fourth, quaternary structure | Proteins |
| A protein’s shape is sensitive to the | surrounding environment |
| Unfavorable temperature and pH changes can cause _________ of a protein, in which it unravels and loses its shape. | denaturation |
| At what Temp does proteins denature in human | (Above 104º F) High fevers |
| Alzheimer’s disease,Mad cow disease, and Parkinson’s disease are associated with | Misfolded proteins |
| _______ Are macromolecules that provide the directions for building proteins and Include DNA and RNA | Nucleic acids |
| DNA resides in cells in long fibers called | chromosomes |
| is a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide | A gene |
| The chemical code of DNA must be translated from ________ to __________ | A)nucleic acid B)protein language |
| Nucleic acids are polymers of | nucleotides |
| Each nucleotide has three parts: | A)A five-carbon sugar B)A phosphate group C)A nitrogenous base |
| Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases | Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) |
| _______ Reactions Link nucleotide monomers into long chains called polynucleotides Form covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next Form a sugar-phosphate backbone | Dehydration |
| _______ bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone | Nitrogenous |
| What does RNA mean | ribonucleic acid |
| RNA is usually________ but DNA usually exists as a ________. | A)single-stranded B)double helix |
| RNA uses the ________ and the ______ instead of thymine. | A)sugar ribose B)base uracil |
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Hvelez
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