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Cell Function Ch. 2
Exam 1 Notecards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid | an organic molecule that dissociates in water to generate Hydronium (H3O+) ions (thereby producing a low pH) |
| Describe the relationship between alternating double bonds and resonance | The carbon chain can include double bonds. If these are on alternate carbon atoms, the bonding electrons move within the molecule, stabilizing the structure by phenomenon called RESONANCE. |
| amino acid Be able to draw an amino acid in it ionized and non-ionized form | organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Serves as the building blocks of proteins |
| What is an alpha amino acid? | those in which the amino and carboxyl groups are linked to the same carbon atom and serves as the building blocks of proteins |
| atom | the smallest particle of an element that still retains its distinctive chemical properties |
| atomic weight | mass of an atom of an isotope expressed in daltons |
| ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) | Nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups that is the principal carrier of chem. energy in cells. The terminal phosphate groups are highly reactive bc their hydrolysis takes place with release of a large amt of free E |
| Avogadro's Number | the number of molecules in a quantity of substance equal to its molecular weight in grams. 6 x 10^23 |
| base | molecule that accepts a proton in solution. Also used to refer to the purine and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA |
| chemical bond | chemical affinity between two atoms that holds them together. |
| Name 5 types of bonds | ionic, covalent, polar, hydrogen, van der waals |
| chemical group | set of covalently linked atoms, such as hydroxyl group (-OH) or an amino group (_NH2) that occurs in many different molecules and the chemical behavior of which is well-characterized |
| condensation reaction | type of chemical reaction in which two organic molecules become linked to each other by a covalent bond with concomitant removal of a molecule of water. (aka: dehydration reaction) Forming a covalent bond thru removal of a water molecule |
| conformation | spatial location of the atoms of a molecule. the precise shape of a protein or other macromolecule in 3D |
| What is a covalent bond and what are the two types of covalent bonds? | Stable chemical link between two atoms produced by SHARING one ore more pairs of electrons. (polar and nonpolar) |
| polar covalent bond | bonding electrons are attracted more strongly to specific atoms, thereby creating an uneven distribution of electric charge. one end slightly negative and the other end slightly positive; occurs when one atom is more electronegative than the other |
| nonpolar covalent bond | lacks any local accumulation of positive or negative charge; generally insoluble in water. equal sharing of electrons |
| DNA | Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units; serves as the carrier of genetic info |
| electron | fundamental subatomic particle with unit negative charge |
| electrostatic attraction | the attraction of two atoms of opposite charges and holds every atom together (got this def. online) |
| fatty acid | monomer of the lipid polymer. Has a carboxylic acid attached to a long hydrocarbon chain. Used as a major source of energy during metabolism and as a starting point for synthesis of phospholipids |
| hydrogen bond | a weak chemical bond between an electroneg. atom such as N or O and a H atom bound to another electroneg. atom. Dipole-dipole interaction between a H that is covalently bonded to an electroneg. atom (O,N) and another electroneg. atom |
| hydrolysis | process to break a covalent bond by the addition of a water molecule. Cleavage of a covalent bond with accompanying addition of water, -H being added to one product of the cleave and -OH to the other |
| hydronium ion | (H3O+) the form taken by a proton (H+) in aqueous solution |
| hydrophilic | polar molecule or part of a molecule that forms enough H-bonds to water to dissolve readily in water ("water loving") |
| hydrophobic | nonpolar molecule or part of a molecule that cannot form favorable bonding interactions with water molecules and therefore does not dissolve in water ("water hating") |
| ion | an atom carrying an electrical charge, positive or negative |
| ionic bond | attractive force that holds together two ions, one positive the other negative |
| macromolecule | molecule such as a protein, nucleic acid, lipid, or polysaccharide with a molecular mass greater than a few thousand daltons |
| molecule | group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds |
| molecular weight | mass of a molecule expressed in daltons |
| monomer | small molecule that can be linked to others of the same type to form a larger molecule (polymer) |
| noncovalent bond | chemical bond in which no electrons are shared. They are relatively weak, but they can sum together to produce strong, highly specific interactions between molecules |
| nucleotide | nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to the sugar moiety. DNA and RNA are polymers of this |
| pH scale | scale used to measure the acidity of a solution; "p" refers to power of 10, "H" to Hydrogen. Defined as the negative log of the H-ion concentration in moles per liter (M). |
| polar | unequal sharing; occurs when one atom is more electronegative than the other |
| polymer | large and usually linear molecule made by the repetitive assembly, using covalent bonds, of multiple identical or similar units (monomers) |
| protein | the major macromolecular constituent of cells. Linear polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence |
| proton | subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus. Also exists as an independent chemical species as a positive hydrogen ion (H+) |
| RNA | any one of a number of specific RNA molecules that form part of the structure of a ribosome and participate in the sythesis of proteins. |
| sequence | the linear order of subunits in a large molecule (ex. amino acids in a protein or nucleotides in DNA). In general the sequence of a macromolecule specifies its precise biological function |
| subunit | a chemical group or molecule that forms part of a larger molecule; a monomer. |
| sugar | a substance made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the general formula (CH2O)n. |
| valence | For an atom, the number of electrons that it must either gain or lose (whether by electron sharing or transfer) to achieve a filled outer shell most readily. It is equal to the number of single bonds that atom can form |
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ruby_ann17
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