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Anats chap 1, 2, 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Function Reflects Structure | Ex- end of humerus is round and fits into ulna for the hinge function |
| Principle Cell Theory | -Structural building blocks of all plants and animals -produced by divisions of pre existing cells -smallest structural unites that perform all vital functions |
| Homeostasis | ability to maintain a stable environment in a forever changing external environment. |
| Negative Feedback | -oppose stimulus -never ending -body temp regulation |
| Positive Feedback | -increase stimulus until result -breast feeding |
| Receptor | Part of homeostasis that senses the change (stimulus) ex-body temp increases |
| Control Center | processes information from the receptor and sends out commands |
| Set point | part of homeostasis. the desired value in the control center |
| Effector | responds to a command the control center sends opposing stimulus ex- sweat |
| Molecule | consists of two or more atoms ex: o2 |
| Glucose | C6 H12 06 |
| Radioisotope | atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity ex: PET Scan |
| Principle Elemnts | CHON CIPPS CIMS |
| Reactive Elements | have unfilled outer energy levels -will react with other elements to full outer shell -once outer shell is full, atom is stable |
| Inert Elements | have full outermost energy levels |
| Cation | loss of electrons positive charge |
| Anion | gain of elections negative charge |
| Compound | substances with 2 or more different atoms |
| Ionic Bonds | Middle Strength Transfer of elections Water can break down ionic bonds |
| Covalent Bonds | Strongest Sharing elections between atoms |
| NonPolar | -Elections shared equally between atoms -No electrical charge on the molecules |
| Polar | -Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms -WATER |
| Biological Solvent | Water |
| Hydrogen Bonds | -Weak -Attraction of the small polar charges on hydrogen atoms to negative charges on other polar molecules -Surface tension with water |
| Oxygen | -component of water and other compounds -gaseous form is essential |
| Carbon | Found in all organic molecules |
| Hydrogen | Component of water and other compounds |
| Nitrogen | Proteins, nucleic acids and other organic compounds |
| Calcium | -Bones -important for muscles, nerve impulses and blood clotting |
| Phosphorus | -Bones -nucleic acids -high energy compounds (ATP) |
| Potassium | -Proper membrane function -Nerve impulses -muscles contraction |
| Sodium | -Blood volume -Membrane Function -Nerve impulses -Muscle Contraction |
| Chlorine | -Blood volume -membrane function -water absorption |
| Magnesium | A cofactor for many enzymes |
| Sulfur | Proteins |
| Iron | blood/hemoglobin oxygen transport |
| Iodine | compound for hormones thyroid gland |
| Metabolism | All cellular reactions of the body at a given moment |
| Catabolic | Breaking Down |
| Anabolic | Building up |
| Energy | Capacity to preform work Physical property |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion -Skeletal muscle contracting |
| Potential energy | stored energy -skeletal muscle at rest |
| Decomposition | AB= A+ B -Digestion of food for nutrients |
| Hydrolysis | Decomposition using water AB + H20= A-H + OH-B |
| Catabolism | Collective decomposistions of the body Releases Kinetic energy -Starving, body then begins to eat away at stored glycogen, nutrients to feed brain |
| Synthesis | A+B= AB |
| Dehydration | Taking away water -Condensation |
| Anabolism | building new molecules with energy -glucose gets stored in a group named glycogen which is then stored in our cells |
| Activation Energy | the energy needed to start a reaction |
| Enzyme | special proteins that lower the activation energy for a reacion |
| Metabolic pathway | series of reactions each involving an enzyme needed to maintain homeostasis in organism |
| Exergonic reactions | releases energy ex: sweating |
| Endergonic Reactions | absorbing energy |
| Most important constituent of body | water 2/3rds of body weight |
| Lubrication | Important property of water Little friction between water molecules. Water reduces friction between joints |
| Reactivity | Important property of water -Chemical reactions occur in water -Hyrdolysis and dehydration |
| High heat Capacity | Important property of water -absorbs and retains heat but when it evaporates it cools as it draws heat away |
| hydrophillic | attracted to/dissolves in water |
| hydrophobic | repelled/does not dissolve in water |
| Ionization | ionic bonds are broken due to polarity of water molecules important for physiological systems |
| Electrolytes | Ions in soluction that conduct electric current - NA , K, CL -Carefully regulated -Electrolyte movement over cell membrane is important for muscles and nuerons |
| Acid | Solute that dissociates and releases H ions -HCL |
| Base | Solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution -NAOH -Bases bond to hydrogen ions to produce water to neutralize high ph |
| Blood PH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Buffer | Compounds that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions |
| acidosis | too many H, low ph |
| alkalosis | not enough H, high pH |
| HCO3- | Bicarbonate Ion Buffer Important in blood and cells |
| Salt | Ionic compound with any cation and anion except H and OH -NaCl |
| Organic Compounds | CHO -covalen bonds -soluable in water so they can be transported through blood -allow cells to transfer and capture energy as high energy compounds ex glucose |
| Carbohydrates | CHO- Sugars Most important energy source |
| Monosaccarides | CARB ONE a.) fructose b.) glucose c.) deoxyriboes Simple form of sugars, rarely found in this form |
| Diasaccarides | CARB TWO a.)sucrose b.)lactose c.) maltose |
| Polysaccharides | a.)starch b.) glycogen c.) cellulose (fiber) |
| Lipids | C, H, Less O than Carbs Fats, Oils, Waxes More energy than carbs Hydrophobic, need special transit in blood |
| Glycerides | Contains tryglycerides which are composed of saturated and unsaturated |
| Saturated | Solid Animal Fat |
| Unsaturated | Liquid Oils Plant Fat Better for you |
| Steroids | 4 carbon ring cholesterol, hormones |
| Phospholipids and Glycolipids | cell membrane |
| Eicosanoids | Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins inflammation |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins | K A D E |
| Proteins | Most Abundent, CHON |
| Peptides | Amino acids linkted through dehydration synthesis polypepties-three or more amino acids linked together |
| Fibrous Proteins | Kerotin Elastin Collagen |
| Globular | Compact hormones Enzymes |
| High energy | uses chemical reactions releases energy when broken |
| ATP (high energy example) | -muscle contraction -synthesis of proteins -carbs -lipids |
| Nucleic Acid | CHON & P store and transfer information -DNA and RNA -Makeup proteins |
| A | Adenine Nucleotide Purine pair: U |
| G | Guanine Nucleotide Purine pair-C |
| C | Cytosine Nucleotide Pyrimidines pair=G |
| T | Thymine Nucleotide Pyrimidines (only in DNA |
| U | Uracil Nucleotide Pyrimidines (replaces T in RNA) pair: A |
| Complementary Strands | Pair of nucleotide chains twist around each other to form a double helix |
| Cell Surface area | small size is metabollicly efficient |
| What are cells measured in? | micrometer |
| Gene | specific region of DNA that has been coding for a certain protein |
| Extracellular fluid | watery medium surrounding cells |
| Interstitial fluid | between tissues water moves from interstital fluid to blood |
| Plasma membrane | cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Selectively permeable a.) entry of ions and nutrients b.) elimination of wastes c.) release of secretions |
| Glycocalyx | Superficial membrane carbs Proteoglycans and glycoproteins white blood cell recognition |
| Anchoring Proteins | attach plasma membrane to other structures |
| Recognition Proteins | What makes cells unique detected by cells of the immune system |
| Receptor proteins | Bind to specific extracellular molecules called ligands |
| Carrier Proteins | bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane |
| Channels | inegral proteins containing a central pore that forms a passageway across plasma membrane for water because it is polar |
| Microfilaments | cytoskeleton most common protein in body |
| Microvilli | finger shaped extensions of cell membrane from the microfilaments cyto increase surface area |
| Intermediate filaments | Structural support cyto |
| Microtubules | help with movement of molecules cyto |
| Centrioles | 9 groups of triplet microtubules control movement of DNA strands during cell division CELLS WITHOUT CENTRIOLES CANNOT DIVIDE cyto |
| Cillia | cytoskeleton movement of fluid |
| Ribosomes | Protein Synthesis Free ribosomes throughout cytoplasm, manufacture proteins |
| Smooth ER | Synthesis of: 1.) phospholipids 2.) Steroid hormones 3.) Glycerides (storage) 4.) Glycogen (storage) Calcium storage |
| Rough ER | manufactures all secreted proteins and inegral membrane proteins. Sends to golgi |
| Golgi Apparatus | 1.) Renews plasma membrane 2.) Packages secretions from RER for exocytosis 3.) Packages special enxymes within vessicles |
| Lysosomes | 1.) Fuse with other organelle to digest enzymes 2.) Fuse with another vesicle containing fluid or solid materials from outside the cell 3.) Break down with cell injury and attack cytoplasm (autolysis) |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs containing oxidases to detoxify toxins (alcohol) and neutralize dangerous free radicals |
| Mitochondria | Produce energy through the breakdown of food molecules |
| Cristae | Inner membrane of mitochondria which increases surface area |
| Nucleus | Control Center. One per cell except Skeletal muscle cell: multiple Mature red blood cells: None |
| Nuclear envelope | double membrane containing nuclear pores which allow the passage of small molecules and ions |
| Nucleoplasm | Fluid contents of nucleus |
| Nucleoli | Composed of RNA, proteins that assemble ribosomes |
| DNA | Loosely coiled chromatin in non dividing cells Tightly coiled chromosomes in dividing cells |
| mRNA | Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes containing codons |
| tRNA | bound to amino acids, pair with codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin protein syntesis. Has ANTICODONS |
| rRNA | structrual component of ribosomes, where translation occurs |
| Passive Membrane Transport | Does not require energy |
| Diffusion | Passive -chemical moves from high to low concentration -directly through lipid bilayer |
| Factors for Diffusion Rate | 1.) Molecule size- small, high D.R. 2.) Temperature- high temp, high D.R. 3.) Gradient size- high gradient high d.r 4.) Electrical Forces- attraction of opp charges- high DR repulsion of like charges- low DR |
| Osmosis | Passive the way water diffuses |
| Isotonic | No net water flow across membrane same inside and out osmosis |
| Hypotonic | Osmosis More water outside than inside (water flows into cell) |
| Hypertonic | More water inside than out water flows out of cell |
| Carrier mediated transport (Passive) | Passive hydrophillic or large molecules transported across cell membrane by carrier proteins ex-sugars (Facilitated diffusion) |
| Carrier mediated transport (Active) | ATP Needed Ion pumps ex: nuerons to fire Secondary Active Transport another way of movement throughout the cell |
| Vesicular Transport | Active transport Materials move across cell membrane in small membranous sacs |
| Endocytosis | Vesicular transport 1.) Receptor mediated endocytosis- Ligands 2.)Pinocytosis- cell drinking EF 3.) Phagocytosis- cell eating (macrophages) BRINGING IN |
| Exocytosis | 1.) Mitosis 2.) Meiosis (sex cell) RELEASING |
| Interphase | Growth G1 Synthesis S (DNA replication occurs here) growth G2 Preparing for division |
| Prophase | Chromatin condenses to chromosomes Nucleoli disappear Spindles form |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up at the equator of cell |
| Anaphase | Spindles attach to centromeres and they split |
| Telophase and Cytokinesis | New nuclear membrane forms from RER New sets of chromosomes later relax into chromatin (Cytokinesis: cytoplasm pinches into two parts) |
| Cancer | Mutation of mitosis most common in tissues with actively dividing cells brach gene- breast cancer |
| Benign | Isolated Remain in original tissue |
| Malignant | Accelerate growth due to blood vessel growth and supply to the area |
| Metastasis | secondary tumors |
| Hydrophillic Compound | Dissolves in water LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE any compound with a charge |
Created by:
mkm004
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