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Field & Lab Biology
GB308
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a biosphere made of? | sub-atomic particles |
| What is the biosphere? | The living portion of the surface of the earth |
| What are the biomes? | physical and biological similarities tundra, desert, grassland, rainforest |
| What is an ecosystem? | includes physical characteristics and living parts |
| What is a population? | a group of individuals of 1 species |
| What is the energy process? | metabolism meta=change anabolism=up, building up process |
| What is catabolism? | cata=down, breaking down process |
| What is photosynthesis? | photo=light synthesis=to make equation: CO2 +H2O +light energy ----> sugar +O2 can only work if you are green |
| What is cellular respiration? | breaking down process, breaking down sugar for energy no sugar breakdown = no energy =dead O2 + sugar ---> CO2 + H2O + chemical energy |
| What is an autotroph? | auto=self troph=nourish food organisms that make their own food |
| What are heterotrophs? | An organism that gets their food from other organisms |
| What are the types of energy? | kinetic, chemical, thermal |
| What are the laws of thermodynamics? | 1. energy can be created or destroyed 2. no energy conversion is 100% efficient |
| How do we classify species? | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| How do we name organisms? | Old latin and greek genus then species capitalize only the first name and underline or italicize whole thing |
| What is kingdom Monera made up of? | all bacteria |
| What is agar? | glue that holds brown algae together, used as thickener in foods sometimes pectin is a type that holds plant cells together |
| What is the nutrient in our agar plates? | beef broth |
| What is a good habitat for bacteria? | petri dishes provide warmth, posture and food |
| What do spores resist? | boiling and microwaves |
| Bacteria in the air are found as spores | ways to get around bad habitats |
| What are autoclaves? | They are used to kill spores, they need high heat and pressure, moisture (spores die higher than 100 C "pressure cooker" |
| What are the types of bad bacteria? | diseases, toxins, tetanus, syphilis, ghonorrhea, pheumonia, streps, anthrax/bubonic plaque, lyme disease, E. coli contamination in food |
| What is good bacteria? | yogurt, cheese, vinegar, saucerkraut, dill peckles, sillage, bacillus, thuringiensis, clean up toxic wastes, garbage becomes methane gas, E Coli in intestines |
| What bacteria is neither good nor bad? | soil bacteria, 99% are not "bad" |
| What are bacteria shapes? | Coccus (circle), bacillus (oval), spirillium (spiral) |
| Whar are strepto and staphylo? | strepto means in lines and staphylo means clumps |
| What is Cyanobacteria? | mostly algae, blue/green, several on land, absorb H2O and rehydrate when possible, |
| What is Anabaena? | cyanobacteria that is often where pollution is |
| What is Oscillatoria? | also loves pollution and is cyanabacteria |
| What is Nitrogen Fixation? | unique to bacteria, atmosphere is 78% N2, N2 is a tripe bond (strong) unusable for most, these organisms can break N2's bond to make NH4 + or NO3-, some plants have a symbiosis with N fixers |
| What is symbiosis? | 2 organisms living closely |
| What is mutualism? | 2 organisms live together and both benefit example is legume and bacteria |
| What are the 3 sub groups of protists? | Plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like |
| What are the 3 types of movement? | flagella, cilia, and amoeboid |
| What are the types of algae? | golden-brown and yellow green, dinoflagellates, and euglenophyta |
| What is golden brown and yellow green? | diatoms and desmids-cell walls made of glass (silicon dioxide) white cliffs of Dover (UK)- deposits of diatoms |
| What are dinoflagellates? | dinos-whirling, flagellate-possessing whip, "red tide" kills fish along coasts, sickens people |
| What is Euglenphyta? | has flexible structure instead of cell wall , red dot sees light, behaves like animal has "eye spot" to detect, is green |
| What are characteristics of brown algae? | large seaweed, kelp make agar-edible |
| What is red algae? | mariene species, edible: sushi wraps, carrageenan: ice cream and make-up |
| What is green algae? | found in Kansas, biggest group, many forms, chlorella-food for space research, spirogyra-beautiful common algae |
| What is Chytrid fungus? | killing frogs around the world --> major extinction of amphibians |
| What is slime mold? | job in ecosystem decompose, spores are very hardy, slime molds can be up to 1m in diameter |
| What is kingdom fungi? | decomposers, they break things down, make cheese, alcohol, bread, antobiotics, can grow very quickly, survival in poor environment, form spores. |
| What is kingdom fungi arranged in? | Threads |
| What part of the mushrooms is the reproductive part? | the top that looks like an umbrella |
| Strands of hyphae, what does myc stand for | fungi, mycellium is all of the strands together |
| What is mycorrhizae? | myc=fungus rhiz=root, benefit for plant-nutrients H2O benefit for fungus-food (sugar) |
| What are Lichens? | fungus and algae/cyanobacteria, fungus gets food, algae gets moist environment, often first organism to colonize are lichens (rock tree branch, break down rocks by creating acid |
| What are the 3 types of lichen? | crustose: crusty foliose: lead like (foli=leaf) fruticose= shrubby |
| What are the 4 major groups of fungus? | 1. zygomycetes 2. ascomycetes 3. basidiomycetes 4. deuteromycetes |
| What are zygomycetes? | bread mold, Pilobolus spores stick to grass, eaten by horses, sprouts and decomposers in poop light shines through, if it lights uneven it will tilt |
| What is Ascomycetes? | asco=bag, morel, spores in bags, many food spoilage molds, truffle, cup fungi, ergot: grows on grain cropes: rye makes toxins like LSD, used for treating migranes-closes blood vessels |
| What is Basidiomycetes? | puff balls, shelf fungi, "typical" mushroom, basidio=club |
| What is deuteromycetes? | fungi imperfecti, deutero=second, sexual cycle not observed, only asexual spore formation, diverse fungi, cheese, tofu, soy sauce, sake, athlete foot, candida albicans, ring worm, Penicillium |
| What are the lower plants? | non vascular |
| What does vascular mean? | transport system of vessels |
| What does high vascular mean? | allows organisms to be larger |
| What are lower plants? | moss, liver warts, hornwarts, reproduce using spores (no seeds) |
| What is peat moss? | holds huge amounts of water, used as diapers for Native Americans, acidic: discourages fungal and bacterial growth |
| Liver worts what does "wort" mean? | plant |
| What are the 2 categories of higher plants? | 1. primitive vascular 2. advanced vascular * angiosperm * gymnosperm |
| What is primitive vascular? | found in moist environments and reproduce with spores, examples: horsetail, rough, grows in wet places |
| What is club moss? | resurrection plant |
| What are ferns? | mostly small, with feathery foilage except tree ferns up to 20m |
| What are advanced vascular plants: Gymnosperm | sperm=seed, gymno=naked, ginko: thought extinct, found in China, living fossil, male tree better to plant |
| What are the cycads? | cones |
| What are conifers? | pines, firs, ceders, cypress, etc |
| What is the pattern of leaf loss? | evergreen: stay green all year round deciduous: loose leaves, cypress |
| What are advanced vascular plants: angiosperm? | angio-covered (vessels) have flowers, orchids disposed ovaries, avacado |
| What is the plant life cycle? | alternation of generations, chromosomes 46, 23 pairs, nonvascular plants and primitive vascular plants and primitive vascular plants have separate structures or organisms for each generation |
| What are gametes? | haploid, half, reproductive cells half the set of chromosomes |
| What are diploids? | 2 sets |
| What does phyte mean? | plant |
| What does sporophyte mean? | diploid |
| What does gametophyte mean? | haploid |
| Typically one generation os more obvious that the other. True or False. | True |
| The gamaphyte is what? | the dominant generation |
| Liverworts are what? | gamaphytes |
| What is a fern? | sporophyte |
| What are advanced vascular? | gametophytes are imbedded within much larger sporophyte |
| What are gymnosperm? | focus on conifers, Ginco, are imbedded inside much larger sporophyte, within cones on trees, sperm is in pollen grains, |
| What are the differences between male and female cones? | male: sperm in pollen grain female: house eggs, when fertilized become seeds (embryo= new sporophyte) |
| How long does it take for pollination to fertilization process take? | 18 months |
| It takes how long to develop seeds? | 6 months- 1 year |
| What are angiosperm? | improvements on gymnosperm plan, fast-less time from pollination to fertilization, flowers: attracts pollinations, produce less pollen, more efficient pollination, |
| What does fruit help with? | dispersal, going number 2 |
| What are monocots? | 1 seed leaf, flower petals in multiples of 3, think grass leaves, veins are parallel |
| What are dicots? | 2 seed leaves, leaves are in 4s or multiples of 5s veins are netted and branching pg. 181 |
| What is moss? | gametophyite |
| What are all other plants considered? | spermophyite |
| What is the basic structure of an angiosperm? | roots, stems, leaves, flowers |
| What are the 3 main functions of the roots? | 1. uptake of H20 and minerals 2. anchoring 3. transport |
| What are the 2 main functions of stems? | 1. support leaves and flowers 2. transport |
| What are the 3 main functions of leaves? | 1. photosynthesis 2. transport 3. gas exchange |
| What is the one function of flowers? | reproduction |
| egg + sperm = | seed |
| gametophyte + gametophyte = | new sporophyte |
| What is fruit for? | the dispersal of seeds |
| Why dispersal? | 1. reduce competition with parents 2. give offspring new opportunities |
| What are the animal methods for dispersal? | 1. through digestive system 2. on outside (sticking) 3. carry, bury, forget |
| What are other methods of dispersal, like with a plant? | 1. wind 2. water: coconut 3. mechanical- burst and shoots seeds 4. seeds- offspring and stored food |
| What is dormancy? | waiting to continue growing until a later time |
| What are the 5 ways to break dormancy? developmental: orchid seeds, embryo not mature when dropped, must wait | hard: seeds need to be scratched cold: needs to be cold and moist for at least 6 weeks (dropped in the fall) chemical: in dry environments, substance in seed needs to be washed out at least 24 hours fire: cones have to be burned to release seeds |
| What types of things are wood? | gymnosperms and some dicots, mostly monocots |
| What is bambo? | biggest grass in the world, not real wood |
| What are the reasons for bark? | 1. protects from insects 2. insulation (even from fire, for some) 3. prevents drying out |
| What is girdling? | 1. kills the tree, cutting through phloym, can't get food 2. |
| What should you know about rings? | 1. annual rings in wood are from xylem growth differences between spring and summer 2. found in climates where trees stop growing during winter 3. basic ring diagram |
| What can a ring tell us? | 1. how much a tree grew each year 2. in wet places rings are even from year to year 3. in dry places show more changes from year to year in rings 4. record climate history of the tree |
| What is dendrochronology? | dendro-tree chrono-time ology-study of studying the past using tree rings |
| What are 3 things rings can show? | 1. climate 2. fires 3. human disturbances |
| What can wood teach children? | 1. about trees 2. provide climate record 3. guide forest management 4. date archeological sites 5. resolve historical mysteries |
| What is the easiest way to find a sample for wood? | 1. ask the shop teacher cut you a piece 2. oak bark-pricey 3. building lumber |
| What is a medium difficulty way to find wood? | 1. cut ur own fool! 2. use a saw 3. check in firewood piles |
| Hardest way to cut wood for a classroom are what? | 1. chainsaw 2. core holder |
Created by:
mbrudos
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