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Immunity
Test #4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate Immunity | body defenses that are static and in place at time of birth; determines host-species barriers and influenced by ancestry and variation in resistance; elements always produced but once pathogens are detected, production of some components are "stepped up" |
| What are the innate host defenses? | physical barriers; antimicrobial products; respiratory cilia; stomach acid; complement; phagocytosis; inflammation; interferons; fever; natural killer lymphocytes; toll-like receptors |
| Physical barriers | skin and mucous membranes prevent entry to most pathogens |
| Antimicrobial products | lysozyme (tears, sweat, saliva-dissolves cell wall); peptides (phospholipase A2 degrade bacterial membranes; defensins bind cell walls to form pres or disrupt membrane components) |
| Respiratory cilia | carries pathogens out of lungs |
| Stomach acid | HCl at pH 1-2; kills many but not all pathogens |
| Complement (alternative and lectin pathways) | series of nine blood proteins that act together (bonding) to cause lysis of pathogens and help phagocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | engulfing of solid particles by cells |
| Inflammation | dilation and increased permeability of capillaries; amplifies innate responses; produced in response to any damage to host tissue; mediated by histamines and other chemicals released from damaged cells;redness, pain, swelling and heat |
| Interferons | messenger proteins produced by virus-infected cells; alerts neighboring cells to produce anti-viral proteins; virus can still penetrate the cell but interferon prevents it from replicating once inside; host specific not virus specific |
| Fever | increase in body temperature to speed up body defenses and slow growth of pathogen |
| Natural killer lymphocytes | attack tumor cells and virus infected cells; exhibit cytotoxic activity by possessing 2 surface receptors (if only one is engaged then the NKs are turned on, if both are engaged their killing activity is turned off); participate in adaptive responses |
| Toll-like receptors | protein receptors on the surface of many cells that bond molecules from pathogens to initiate the immune response; binding to pairs of TLRs sets of reactions that influences the nucleus to promote transcription and translation of cytokine genes |
| Toll-like receptors continued | Once cytokines are made and released, they trigger an inflammatory response and attract neutrophils and or promote T and B cell activity |
| Antigens | Substances that stimulate an immune response; made of foreign macromolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids |
| Types of antigens | parts of pathogens (viral protein or bacterial capsule); products of pathogens (bacterial exotoxins); vaccines; substances that cause allergies (allergens); chemicals on the surface of all tissues (MHC,HLA) |
| Types of antigens continued | epitopes (specific place on the surface of an antigen where antibodies bind); haptens (small molecules not antigenic themselves but form antigens when combined with blood or skin proteins) |
| Development of the immune system | occurs in late fetal period and early infancy; stem cells enter the blood from bone marrow; some stem cells are processed by the thymus to become T cells while others are processed by the bone marrow to become B cells |
| What is a stem cell? | an immature lymphocyte that is not immunocompetent |
| What branch of the immune response are T cells responsible for? | cell mediated immunity (responses to intracellular pathogens) |
| What branch of the immune response are B cells responsible for? | humoral immunity (responses to extracellular pathogens) |
| What are cytokines? | generic term for protein "messenger" chemicals that allow one cell to communicate with another |
| Types of cytokines | interleukins; intererons; tumor necrosis factor; colony stimulating factor; histamines; chemokines |
| Interleukins | communicate between lymphocytes (WBCs) |
| Interferons | from virus infected cells |
| Tumor necrosis factor | from phagocytes, causes fever, shock and destroys cancer cells |
| Colony Stimulating factor | causes increase in white blood cells |
| Histamines | causes inflammation and allergy |
| Chemokines | induce migration of white blood cells to infection (chemotaxis) |
| Adaptive immunity | body can recognize an invader from self and can act to destroy/inactivate the invader; highly specific against one pathogen; not inherent or inborn but only develops with exposure to the pathogen; responses in the future can be modified based on experienc |
| Cell Mediated Immunity | response to intracellualr pathogens; produced when T cells are activated by an antigen |
| T Helper lymphocytes | receive antigen from dendritic cells, activated macrophages, sometimes B cells; fully activate B cells or other types of T cells |
| T Cytotoxic lymphocytes | killer T cells; release chemicals taht lyse tumor cells or virus infected cells via apoptosis; have CD8 receptor on the surface |
| T-delayed hypersensitivity cells | involved in allergies and transplant rejection |
| T-regulatory lymphocytes | turn off the immune response when antigen is no longer present |
| T-memory cells | retain a record of the specific immune response; settle in lymphatic tissues |
| Which cell types have CD4 receptors? | T helper cells |
| What cell types have CD8 receptors? | T cytotoxic cells |
| Humoral Immunity | response to extracellular pathogens; B cells usually receive chemical messages from T cells and are cloned; some B cells become activated and become plasma cells; plasma cells grow rapidly and release antibodies that circulate in the blood |
| Antibodies | aka immunoglobulins; Y shaped structures made mostly of protein that bind to specific sites on antigens in order to target them for inactivation and destruction |
| Precipitation | soluble antigen becomes insoluble and forms a precipitate |
| Agglutination | Particles are clumped together |
| Opsonization | enhanced phagocytosis accomplished through antibody coating of antigen |
| Complement fixation | 9 complement proteins that sequentially bond together to lyse the pathogen |
| Viral neutralization | antibodies bind viruses, therby blocking attchment and entry to host cell |
| Toxin neutralization | antibodies bind to toxin, inactivating it; works for exotoxin antitoxin |
| IgA | secreted onto mucous membranes and present in colostrum |
| IgD | acts as a receptor on the surface of B cells; not abundant |
| IgE | involved in quick allergic responses; causes degranulation of mast cells upon secondary allergen encounter releasing histamine and causing the typical allergy symptoms |
| IgG | most abundant and longest lived antibody, active against all types of pathogens, only antibody that crosses the placenta |
| IgM | first antibody formed to a new antigen, excellent at agglutination |
| Monoclonal Antibody | preparations of purified antibodies against one antigen; made in the lab and used for diagnosis and treatment; usually made by hybridoma cells |
| Immune Memory | memory is stored in B and T memory cells that form clones in lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues; these memory cells rapidly activate upon secondary exposure to antigen and produce a strong immune response |
| Rate of antibody prosuction for 1st and 2nd exposure to same antigen | upon 1st exposure to an antigen the immune response is slow and weak and does not prevent infection; upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen the immune response is rapid and strong and will prevent infection |
Created by:
lisaanne11
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