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-Biology 1010-
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | The process of change that continues to transform life on Earth. |
| Biology | the scientific study of life. |
| Emergent properties | the result of the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system (the sum if greater than the parts) |
| Systems biology | An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. |
| Global climate change | Changes such as global warming that have dire effects on life-forms and their habitats all over planet Earth. |
| Cell | the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. |
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell that has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus. |
| Porkaryotic cell | A cell that is simpler and usually smaller than a eukaryotic cell, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| Chromosomes | An organized structure that contains most of a cell's genetic material in the form of DNA. |
| DNA | The chemical substances of genes. |
| Genes | The units of inheritance that transmit biological information from parents to offspring so life forms can persist over time. |
| Gene expression | The process by which the information in a gene driects the production of a cellular product. |
| Genome | The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome. |
| Genomics | studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species. |
| Bioinformatics | the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods. |
| Negative feedback | regulations in living systems in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. (i.e.- fat accumulation) |
| Positive feedback | regulations in living systems in which an end product speeds up its own production. (i.e. - blood clotting) |
| Bacteria | The most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are classified into multiple kingdoms. |
| Archaea | Prokaryotes living in Earth's extreme environments such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. |
| Salt | (NaCl)A compound formed by ionic bonds. |
| Ionic compound | Compounds formed by ionic bonds. |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
| Polar covalent bond | A bond in which one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally. |
| Non-polar covalent bond | A bond in which the atoms share the electron equality. |
| Electronegativity | An atom's inherent attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond. |
| Hydrogen bond | A bond that forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electrongative atom. |
| Ionic bond | An attraction between an anion and a cation. |
| Covalent bond | The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| Essential elements | Natural elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. |
| Trace elements | Elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. |
| Neutron | A particle that has no electrical charge. |
| Proton | A particle that is a positive charge. |
| Electron | A particle that have a negative charge. |
| Atomic nucleus | Protons and neutrons that are packed together tightly in a dense core at the center of an atom. |
| Dalton | A unit of measurements used for atoms, subatomic particles, and molecules. Also known as the atomic mass unit. |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in an element. |
| Mass number | The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Atomic mass | An approximation of the total mass of an atom. |
| Isotopes | Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons. |
| Radioactive isotopes | An isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. |
| Energy | The capacity to cause change. |
| Potential energy | The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. |
| Electron shells | A shell (or energy level) that consists of a specific number of orbitals. |
| Valence electrons | The outermost electrons of an atom. |
| Valence shell | The outermost electron shell of an atom. |
| Orbital | The three-dimensional space where an electron is found in an atom. |
| Chemical bonds | Attractions that cause atoms to stay close together. |
| Single bond | A pair of shared electrons. |
| Double bond | Tow pairs of shared electrons. |
| Valence | The bonding capacity in an atom. |
| Ion | A charged atom or molecule. |
| Cation | An ion with a positive charge. |
| Anion | An ion with a negative charge. |
| Van der Waals interactions | Ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another. |
| Chemical equilibrium | The point at which chemical reactions offset one another exactly. |
| Organic chemistry | The study of compounds that contain carbon. |
| Formula weight | A generic weight used to weigh anything. |
| Electron configuration | The key to an atom's characteristics |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons (death & decay) |
| Reduction | gain of electrons (build & gain) |
| Cellular respiration | Consuming oxygen and releasing CO2. |
| Hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. |
| Isomers | Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structure and properties. |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion. |
| Heat | A measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion (molecules vibrating). |
| Temperature | The measure of the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules. |
| Evaporation | A transformation of a substance from liquid to gas. |
| Heat of vaporization | The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas. |
| Solution | A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. |
| Solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| Aqueous solution | Water is the solvent. |
| Hydrophillic | A substance that has an affinity for water. |
| Hydrophobic | A substance that does not have an affinity for water (the fear of water). |
| Colloid | A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid. |
| Molecular mass | The sum of all masses of all the atoms in a given molecule. |
| Molarity | A concentration defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. |
| Dynamic equillibrium | A state in which water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed. |
| Acid | Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution. |
| Base | Any substances that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution. |
| Acid precipitation | Referring to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6 |
| Living organisms are subject to... | basic laws of physics and chemistry. |
| What elements make up 96% of all living matter? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
| 4% of living matter is made up of... | calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and sulfur. |
| Atoms are composed of... | subatomic particles |
| Van der Waals interactions | Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of theses charges. |
| 1 Dalton = | the mass (weight) of one atom. |
| Chemical bonds involve... | the making and breaking of chemical bonds. |
| A molecule's shape is determined by... | the position of its atoms valence orbitals. |
| What is the primary reason the Earth is habitable? | The abundance of water |
| All living things are made up of... | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. |
| Condensation (or dehydration) reaction | Occurs when 2 or monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule. |
| Enzymes | protein macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process. |
| Hydrolysis | A reaction that is essentially the reverses of the dehydration reaction. |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and the polymers of sugars. |
| Monosacharides | Single sugars (glucose) |
| Polysacharides | Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks (sucrose) |
| A disaccharide is formed when... | a dehydration reactions joins 2 monosaccharides. |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide of plants; consists entirely of glucose monomers. |
| Glycogen | A storage polysaccharide in animals compoes entirle of glucose monomers. |
| Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in the... | live and muscle cells |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls of plant cells. |
| Polymers with "alpha" glucose are... | helical (starch, glycogen) |
| Polymers with "beta" glucose are... | straight (cellulose |
| Microfibrils | Groups of molecules which form exceptionally strong building materials for plant cell walls. |
| Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as... | insoluble fiber |
| Lipid do NOT form... | polymers |
| The unifying feature of lipids is... | having little or no affinity for water (hydrophobic) |
| Lipids are hydrophobic because... | they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds. |
| The most biologically important lipids are... | fats, steroids, and phospholipids |
| Fats | constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules: glycogen + fatty acids. |
| Glycerol | A 3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon. |
| Fatty acid | Consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton (backbone). |
| Saturated fatty acids | Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, and NO doubel bonds. |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | 1 or more double bonds. |
| Most animal fats are... | saturated |
| Plants and fish fats are usually... | unsaturated |
| Hydrogenation | The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. |
| The major function of fat is its... | energy store |
| Adipose tissue... | "fat storage". Cushions vital organs and insulates the body. |
| Phospholipid | 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol. |
| The structure of phospholipids results in... | a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes. |
| Phospholipids are the major component in... | ALL living organisms |
| Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that consists of 4 fused rings. |
| Cholesterol | An important steroid; a natural component of animal cell membranes. |
| Protein functions include... | structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances. |
| Enzymes are... | a special class of proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. |
| Polypeptides | Polymers built from the same set of 20 (different) amino acids. |
| Amino acids | Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups. |
| Amino acids are linked by... | peptide bonds |
| A functional protein consists of... | 1 or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape, with a specific biological function. |
Created by:
EffieSL
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